L37 Motor Pathway

• what is motor system ?

  -part of the central nervous system that is involved with movement.
• motor system consists of what ?

  -brain

  -spinal cord

  -nerves
• voluntary motor pathway

  • CNS (brain or spinal cord) initiates the signal to activate a muscle.
  • UMN (upper motor neuron) in CNS carries the signal down the brainstem or spinal cord.
  • UMN axon synapses with LMN (lower motor neuron) in the spinal cord.
  • LMN axon travels directly to the muscle it controls.
  • LMN axon releases chemicals causing muscle fibers to contract and generate movement.
• what is motor pathway ?

  -the descending system or pathways by which motor signals are sent from the brainstem to the spinal cord
• motor area/cortex consists of what part of the brain ?

  -motor cortex

  -premotor cortex

  -supplementaryy cortex
• body map of motor cortex

  motor homunculus
• describe primary motor cortex

  -controls motor function

  -involved execution of voluntary movements

  -each cerebral cortex controls opposite side of body

  -requires coordinated muscle activity
• describe premotor cortex

  -more complex movements

  -bilateral movement coordination

  -planning of movement

  -require higher levels os stimulation to elicit movement
• describe supplementary motor area

  -planning complex movements

  -movement selection based on memory

  -involved in transformation of kinematic

  -preparatory firing change
• differentiate upper motorr neuron and lower motor neuron

  A) cortex

  B) lower motor neuron

  C) muscles

  D) spinal cord & brain stem

  E) travel pathway

  F) brain centers

  G) upper motor neuron

  H) alpha and gamma

  
• functions of each tract

  A) fine

  B) voluntary

  C) motor cortex

  D) spinal cord

  E) postural

  F) reflexes

  G) turning of head

  H) visual

  I) auditory

  J) motor

  K) voluntary

  L) reflex

  
• what is basal ganglia?

  autopilot for procedural movements
• what is cerebellum?

  -refiner of finely controlled movements
• basal ganglia involved in:

  -generation of goal-directed voluntary movement

  -plan & execute movements
• what happen if lesions of globus pallidus (part of basal ganglia) ?

  inability to maintain postural support
• lesion of striatum

  huntington disease (quick, continuous & uuncontrolable movements)
• Lesion of subthalamic nucleus (disrupts the normal communication between the basal ganglia and the thalamus)

  hemiballismus (wild flinging movements)
• lesions of subtantia nigra

  parkinson disease
• state functional parts of cerebellum

  -vestibulocerebellum

  -cerebro-cerebellum

  -spinocerebellum
• state functions of each functionall parts of cerebellum

  vestibulocerebellum : control & balance of eye movement

  cerebero-cerebellum : planning & initiation of movement

  spinocerebellum : control direction of movement
• what signs produced when basal ganglia and cerebellar cortex had lesions occurence ?

  basal ganglia : contralateral

  cerebellar cortex : ipsilateral
• Types of paralysis

  • Monoplegia
  • Hemiplegia
  • Diplegia
  • Paraplegia
  • Quadriplegia
• Monoplegia


  Paralysis affecting one limb only. This could be an arm, leg, hand, or foot.
• Hemiplegia


  Paralysis affecting one side of the body. This typically involves the arm and leg on the same side, but can also include facial muscles.
• Diplegia


  Paralysis affecting two limbs, either both arms or both legs.
• Paraplegia

  Paralysis affecting both legs and possibly the lower torso, but sparing the upper body and arms.
• Quadriplegia


  Paralysis affecting all four limbs, including both arms and legs, and often extending to the torso and respiratory muscles. This is the most severe form.
• lower motor neuron terminates in

  muscle
• origin of pyramidal cells is

  5th layer
• corticobulbar tracts function

  control face and neck muscles
• origin of rubrospinal tract

  red nucleus
• olivospinal tract could be find

  cervical region
• a patient have lesion caused by stroke, the patient properly wwill have ?

  muscle spasticity
• which of the following cells are found in the primary cortex area ?

  betz cell
• vestibular cells give rise to neurons that activate

  pontine reticulospinal tracts
• what is function of lateral corticospinal cord?

  controls fine skilled movements of fingers and toes
• function of dynamic neurons

  causing initial rapid development of force
• numerous one of the extrapyrmidal system function?


  sets the postural background needed for performance of skilled movements
• secondary olivocerebellar fibers transmit signals to multiple areas of the ?

  cerebellum