shs biology 1

• Cell theory


  Fundamental principles about the nature of cells
• Cell structures and functions

  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Endomembranes
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
• Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes


  • Prokaryotes are smaller and simpler, lack a nucleus
  • Eukaryotes are larger and more complex, have membrane-bound organelles and chromosomes
• Cell types


  • Animal cells
  • Plant cells
• Cell modification


  Changes to the structure and function of cells
• Types of cell modification

  • Apical (cilia, flagella, microvilli, pseudopods)
  • Basal (hemidesmosomes)
  • Lateral (tight junctions, adhering junctions, gap junctions)
• Primordial soup theory


  Theory that life began in a "soup" of organic molecules
• Experiments by scientists like Stanley Miller and Harold Urey helped connect abiotic chemistry to the emergence of the first living organisms
• The Earth can be understood as a system consisting of interconnected subsystems - the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere
• Earth's subsystems


  • Geosphere
  • Hydrosphere
  • Atmosphere
  • Biosphere
• These subsystems interact through material cycles like the carbon, water, and rock cycles
• The Earth and its subsystems comprise a closed system that receives energy from the sun
• Major organ systems in animals

  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Circulatory
  • Respiratory
  • Digestive
  • Reproductive
• Cells work together to form tissues, tissues form organs, organs work in organ systems, and organ systems work together to support life
• Processes that led to the formation of elements

  • Primordial nucleosynthesis
  • Stellar nucleosynthesis
  • Supernovae
• Primordial nucleosynthesis formed light elements like hydrogen and helium shortly after the Big Bang
• Stellar nucleosynthesis fused lighter elements inside stars, producing heavier elements up to iron
• Supernovae were needed to form elements heavier than iron via neutron capture reactions
• Ways to classify cells

  • Eukaryotic or prokaryotic
  • Plant or animal
  • Unicellular or multicellular
• Eukaryotic cells


  • Larger and more complex, containing organelles
• Prokaryotic cells


  • Smaller and simpler, lacking a nucleus
• Plant cells


  • Contain chloroplasts and a cell wall
• Animal cells


  • Lack chloroplasts and a cell wall
• Themes of life


  • Biological systems
  • Cellular basis of life
  • Structure and function
  • Reproduction and inheritance
  • Environmental interactions
  • Energy and life
  • Regulation
  • Evolution and diversity
  • Scientific inquiry
  • Science, technology and society
• Fossils, rock layers, and indications of past volcanic activity and erosion have helped trace the history of life on Earth
• Understanding the history of life allows prediction of future changes and helps address challenges like pandemics
• Ancient bacteria and stromatolites show life first emerged as prokaryotic and anaerobic organisms over 3.5 billion years ago, and evolved with environmental changes like the oxygen
• Properties of matter


  • Physical properties (color, hardness, melting/boiling points)
  • Chemical properties (composition, result of chemical reactions)
• Extensive properties


  Depend on amount (mass, volume)
• Intensive properties


  Independent of amount (density)
• Physical changes involve only physical properties, while chemical changes produce new substances
• Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

  • Size and complexity
  • Presence of nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Specialized eukaryotic cells include liver cells, sperm cells, and mesophyll cells
• Key concepts related to functions

  • Definitions of functions and relations
  • Evaluating functions by inputting values
  • Determining domain and range
  • Performing operations on functions
  • Identifying even, odd, or neither functions
• The document is the learner's material for precalculus developed by the Department of Education of the Philippines
• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space, made of atoms that combine to form elements or compounds
• States of matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
  • Plasma
• Types of substances


  • Pure substances
  • Mixtures
• Cells are the basic unit of organization, and specialized cells work together to form tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms
• Organ systems in plants

  • Shoot system
  • Root system