CHEMICAL BONDING

• a bond formed between two atoms by electron sharing of two non-metal elements


  covalent bonding
• can be formed by electrically uniform elements

  non-polar
• the difference in electronegativity is 0, but a difference of less than 0.4 is also considered in some cases


  non-polar
• can be formed by electrically non-uniform elements

  polar
• difference in electronegativity is equal to 0.1 - 1.6


  polar
• attraction that exists between ions that hold them together into a crystal structure

  ionic bonding
• result from the transfer of electrons of metal and non-metal elements

  ionic
• the difference in electronegativity is 1.7 above


  ionic
• consists of the attraction of free-floating valence electrons for the positively charged metal ions; gives rise to high conductivity and luster in metals


  metallic bonding
• intermolecular forces of attraction
• arise as a result of temporary dipoles induced in atoms or molecules


  london dispersion
• responsible for the condensed states of non-polar substances


  london dispersion
• present between all particles as they result in the motion of electrons in atoms

  london dispersion
• attractive forces between polar molecules; positive attracts negative


  dipole-dipole
• results when an ion and a nearby polar molecule (dipole) attract

  ion-dipole
• special type of dipole-dipole between hydrogen atom in a polar bond and an electronegative O, N, or F atom.

  hydrogen bonding