Chapter 8 Skeletal and Muscular System

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    • Skeletal and muscular system
      The system in animals that provides support, protection, and movement
    • Lesson outcomes
      • Function and types of skeleton
      • Types of joints
      • Organization of animal skeletal muscle
      • Labelled structure and function of sarcomere
      • The Sliding Filament Model
    • Functions of animal skeletons
      • Support
      • Protection
      • Movement
    • Types of skeletons
      • Hydrostatic skeletons
      • Exoskeletons
      • Endoskeletons
    • Hydrostatic skeleton

      Consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment
    • Hydrostatic skeletons are the main type in most cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelids
    • Animals with hydrostatic skeletons control their form and movement by using muscles to change the shape of fluid-filled compartments
    • Exoskeleton
      A hard encasement deposited on the surface of an animal
    • Exoskeletons are found in most molluscs and arthropods
    • Molluscs with exoskeletons
      • Enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by the mantle
    • Arthropod exoskeletons
      • Composed of cuticle (outer layer)
      • 30-50% of cuticle consists of chitin
      • Vary in hardness and degree of flexibility
    • Arthropods must shed their exoskeleton and produce a larger one when they have a growth spurt
    • Endoskeleton
      Hard supporting elements such as bones, buried within the soft tissue of an animal
    • Endoskeletons are found in sponges, echinoderms, and chordates
    • Mammalian skeleton
      • Built from more than 200 bones
      • Some fused together and others connected at joints by ligaments that allow freedom of movement
    • In addition to the skeleton, muscles and tendons help support large land vertebrates
    • Muscle action
      Muscles always contract
    • Skeletal muscles
      Attached to the skeleton in antagonistic pairs, with each member of the pair working against each other
    • Muscles move skeletal parts
      1. Muscle contracts
      2. Muscle relaxes
    • Vertebrate skeletal muscle

      • Characterized by a hierarchy of smaller and smaller units
    • Skeletal muscle
      Consists of a bundle of long fibers running parallel to the length of the muscle
    • Muscle fiber
      A bundle of smaller myofibrils arranged longitudinally
    • Myofibrils
      • Composed of two kinds of myofilaments: thin filaments (actin) and thick filaments (myosin)
    • Skeletal muscle
      Also called striated muscle due to the regular arrangement of the myofilaments creating a pattern of light and dark bands
    • Sarcomere
      The repeating unit of skeletal muscle, bordered by Z lines
    • Sarcomere structure

      • Thick filaments attached at the M lines centered in the sarcomere
      • I band, A band, and H zone contain the myofilaments
    • Muscle contraction
      Thick and thin filaments slide past each other longitudinally, producing more overlap
    • Sliding of filaments
      Causes the I band and H zone to shrink
    • Sliding-filament model
      Explains how the interaction between actin and myosin molecules of the thick and thin filaments causes muscle contraction
    • Myosin-actin interactions
      The "head" of a myosin molecule binds to an actin filament, forming a cross-bridge and pulling the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere
    • Regulatory proteins
      Tropomyosin blocks myosin-binding sites on the thin filament when the muscle is at rest
    • Muscle fiber contraction
      Calcium ions bind to the troponin complex, causing the proteins bound along the actin strands to shift position and expose the myosin-binding sites
    • Stimulus for muscle contraction
      An action potential in a motor neuron that makes a synapse with the muscle fiber
    • Nervous control of muscle tension
      1. Motor neuron releases acetylcholine, depolarizing the muscle and causing it to produce an action potential
      2. Action potential travels along T tubules, triggering release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
      3. Calcium binds to troponin-tropomyosin complex, exposing myosin-binding sites and allowing cross-bridge cycle to proceed
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