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BIO270
Chapter 8 Skeletal and Muscular System
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Skeletal and muscular system
The system in animals that provides support,
protection
, and
movement
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Lesson outcomes
Function
and types of skeleton
Types of
joints
Organization of animal
skeletal
muscle
Labelled structure and function of
sarcomere
The
Sliding Filament
Model
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Functions of animal skeletons
Support
Protection
Movement
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Types of skeletons
Hydrostatic
skeletons
Exoskeletons
Endoskeletons
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Hydrostatic
skeleton
Consists of fluid held under
pressure
in a
closed
body compartment
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Hydrostatic
skeletons are the main type in most cnidarians,
flatworms
, nematodes, and annelids
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Animals with
hydrostatic
skeletons control their form and movement by using muscles to change the shape of
fluid-filled
compartments
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Exoskeleton
A
hard
encasement
deposited
on the surface of an animal
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Exoskeletons are found in most
molluscs
and
arthropods
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Molluscs with exoskeletons
Enclosed in a
calcium carbonate
shell secreted by the
mantle
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Arthropod exoskeletons
Composed of cuticle (outer layer)
30-50
% of cuticle consists of
chitin
Vary in
hardness
and degree of
flexibility
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Arthropods
must shed their
exoskeleton
and produce a larger one when they have a growth spurt
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Endoskeleton
Hard supporting elements such as
bones
, buried within the
soft tissue
of an animal
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Endoskeletons are found in
sponges
, echinoderms, and
chordates
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Mammalian skeleton
Built from more than
200
bones
Some fused together and others connected at
joints
by ligaments that allow freedom of
movement
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In addition to the skeleton, muscles and tendons help support
large land vertebrates
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Muscle action
Muscles
always
contract
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Skeletal muscles
Attached to the skeleton in
antagonistic
pairs, with each member of the pair working
against
each other
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Muscles move skeletal parts
1. Muscle
contracts
2. Muscle
relaxes
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Vertebrate
skeletal muscle
Characterized by a hierarchy of
smaller
and
smaller
units
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Skeletal muscle
Consists of a bundle of long fibers running
parallel
to the length of the muscle
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Muscle fiber
A bundle of smaller
myofibrils
arranged
longitudinally
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Myofibrils
Composed of two kinds of myofilaments:
thin filaments
(actin) and
thick filaments
(myosin)
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Skeletal muscle
Also called
striated
muscle due to the regular arrangement of the
myofilaments
creating a pattern of light and dark bands
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Sarcomere
The
repeating
unit of skeletal muscle, bordered by
Z
lines
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Sarcomere
structure
Thick
filaments attached at the
M
lines centered in the sarcomere
I
band, A band, and H zone contain the
myofilaments
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Muscle
contraction
Thick
and thin filaments slide past each other longitudinally, producing more
overlap
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Sliding of filaments
Causes the
I
band and H zone to
shrink
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Sliding-filament model
Explains how the interaction between actin and
myosin
molecules of the thick and thin filaments causes muscle
contraction
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Myosin-actin interactions
The "
head
" of a myosin molecule binds to an actin filament, forming a cross-bridge and pulling the thin filament toward the center of the
sarcomere
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Regulatory proteins
Tropomyosin blocks
myosin-binding
sites on the thin filament when the muscle is at
rest
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Muscle fiber contraction
Calcium
ions bind to the troponin complex, causing the proteins bound along the actin strands to shift position and expose the
myosin-binding
sites
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Stimulus for muscle contraction
An action potential in a
motor neuron
that makes a synapse with the
muscle fiber
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Nervous control of muscle tension
1.
Motor neuron
releases
acetylcholine
, depolarizing the muscle and causing it to produce an action potential
2. Action potential travels along T tubules, triggering release of
calcium
from
sarcoplasmic reticulum
3.
Calcium
binds to troponin-tropomyosin complex, exposing myosin-binding sites and allowing
cross-bridge cycle
to proceed
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