comunications

• In 1960, David Berlo argued that the message is with the receiver
• Communication


  A transmission of information, ideas, attitudes or emotions from one group to another
• Communication


  A process of transferring information from one entity to another
• Communication


  A process whereby information is enclosed in a package and is channelled and imparted by a sender to a receiver via some medium
• Communication process


  1. Sender

  2. Transmission

  3. Noise

  4. Receiver

  5. Feedback
• Sender


  The initiator of the message who encodes the thought into language (verbal and non-verbal)
• Transmission


  The information is transmitted over a channel that connects the sender to the receiver
• Noise


  Anything that has a disturbing influence on the message
• Types of noise


  • Semantic
  • Physiological
  • Intellectual
  • Environmental
  • Psychological
• Receiver


  The person to whom the message is transmitted, who decodes the message
• Feedback


  A message generated by the receiver in response to the sender's original message
• Types of feedback


  • Internal
  • External
  • Low-monitored
  • High-monitored
• Communication is not complete unless it is understood by both the sender and the receiver
• Effective communication


  • Talking less about your own interests and points of view and being considerate and sensitive to what other people say
  • Changing communication approach if the listener shows signs of disinterest, confusion or frustration
  • Being clear and avoiding professional jargons if the listener is not part of that profession
  • Considering the listener's emotional and mental state
• Mehrabian's research on meaning in communication

  55% of impact is determined by body language, 38% by tone of voice, and 7% by the content or words spoken
• Common barriers to effective communication

  • Physical
  • Physiological
  • Attitude
  • Language
  • Cultural noise
  • Lack of common experience
  • Ambiguity and abstractions overuse
  • Information overload
  • Assumptions and jumping to conclusions
  • Problems with structure design