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• Housing


  Building that serves as living quarter for one or a few families
• Architectural/Geographical Definition

  Physical and spiritual aspects related to real geography, including terms such as territory, land, location, place, built space, area, material elements
• Definition as an Urban space

  Based on social aspects of urban space, which prefers to various housing spaces have in line with social life, for different people and different interaction situations
• Human Settlements


  An integrative concept that comprises physical components of shelter and infrastructure, and community services such as education, health, culture, welfare, recreation and nutrition
• Ekistics


  Greek term for "settling down" coined by Constantinos A. Doxiadis, the science of Human settlements. The target is to build the city of optimum size, that respects human dimensions, and accommodates technological evolution and the needs of man within the same settlement
• Elements of human Settlements

  • Man (biological needs, sensation and perception, emotional needs, moral values)
  • Society (population composition and density, social stratification, cultural patterns, economic development, education, health and welfare, law and administration)
  • Shells (housing, recreational facilities, community service, shopping centers and markets, industry, civic and business centers, transportation centers)
  • Network (water supply system, sewerage, and drainage, power supply system, transportation system, communication system, physical layout)
  • Nature (geographic resources, topographical resources, soil resources, water resources, plant life, animal life, climate)
• Principles of Ekistics

  • Maximization of potential contacts
  • Minimum effort
  • Optimize protective space
  • Optimization of quality relations
  • Optimum synthesis of 1-4
• Vernacular Architecture


  Focused on environmental factors, with similar basic traditional housing characteristics like evolving specialization and differentiation of space and function. Main influences are availability and utilization of materials and technology, environmental considerations, socio-cultural influences, and economic and political considerations
• Primitive Buildings


  Differentiation of space and function
• Pre-industrial Vernacular Buildings


  Individuality, increased specialization, socio-cultural influences, production of housing and settlements, institutionalization, economic specialization, and social and political differentiation in societies
• Factors of the Traditional house built form

  • Climate and environment
  • Materials and technology
  • Religion
  • Economic ways of life
• Housing and Human Settlements are primarily social institutions, created for a complex set of functions, not just a physical structure. These are associated with religious and cultural ceremonies
• The traditional house form is the product primarily of a whole range of socio-cultural factors, modified secondarily by physical factors
• Housing and Human Settlements are a socio-cultural concept and lifestyle in a spatial system
• Causes of Problems in human settlement

  • Unprecedented increases of population
  • Tremendous rate of urbanization (the urban population of the world is increasing by 5 to 5% per year)
  • Huge increase of the average per capita income
  • Unexpected, unforeseen and non-systematic technological progress
  • Social and political impact that these factors have had on the life of man
• Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)


  Nomadic hunter, foraged edible plants, used rock shelters, grottos, or sea caves, developed huts and tents made of animal bones and skin, and/or wood, rock, and organic matter
• Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)


  Created settlements and became hunter, gatherers, and raised domesticated animals in clans; developed bows and arrows; used hard stones for microliths (arrowheads); used bamboo reinforced with stoned, pits, and thatched roofs for shelter
• Neolithic (New Stone Age)


  Developed dwelling permanency and settlements because of agriculture, cultivated land with the aid of domesticated animals, produced fruits, vegetables, and grains, invented mortar and pestle to grind grains, had spacious rectangular huts with timber pole frames and thatched roof, some permanent dwellings were made of upright oak
• Ancient Babylonia, Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon


  Southern Mesopotamia (near East Iraq), approx 2000 B.C. - 500 B.C, long narrow country (+/-40 miles wide), sprawling, heavily-populated city with enormous walls, multiple palaces and temples
• Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Civilization


  Indus River valley in south pakistan, 2500 B.C., approx 500 acres, egalitarian society features found (grid networks), sophisticated waterway system (toilets, sewage system)
• Ancient Roman Cities


  Uphold clear laws for public and military services, 4 quadrants and grid layout, housing: domus, insula, Villa, & casae, public buildings: Basilica, Thermae, Forum, Amphitheatre, first regional planners, engineering; aqueducts, sewers, roads
• Medieval Towns


  1. 15th century, organic design, irregular plans adapted the land terrain, enclosed by defensive walls, radial concentric plan, clear margin of the rich and the poor, waste management issues were usually encountered on poor areas
• Renaissance Cities


  Designed by Leone Battista Alberti and Leonardo Da Vinci, ideal cities with star shaped plans with streets radiating from a central point, a church, palace,or castle, spaces for pedestrians with lower level for transport and upper level for pedestrians, cleanliness and sanitation with underground sewage system and water supply, and verticality with access solution
• Capitalist Society


  16th century, the rise of centralized monarchies and transatlantic trade tended to concentrate growth around the royal court or the port as the focus of trade, capital cities and ports like Amsterdam, Rome, Lisbon, Antwerp, Seville, Palermo, Milan, Naples, Paris, and London
• Industrial Revolution


  Rapid growth of cities, mechanization was centralised, transportation facilities were imposed, congestion, air, and water pollution, massive migration of workers, negative effects on the quality of life like deaths from cholera
• Philanthropy Housing


  Housing for employees provided by business owners
• Garden City


  Concept developed by Ebenezer Howard, combining town and country life, decentralization of industries with corresponding new towns, surrounded by a large green belt to contain and divert city growth, created an advance concept of "Social City" with population of 30,000, area of 1000 acres, agricultural greenbelt of 5000 acres, high residential density, industrial and commercial zones with greenbelts between zones, rapid transport from garden city to central city, concentric rings progressing outward
• Neighborhood Unit


  First developed by Clarence Perry, based on the natural catchment area of community facilities such as primary schools, and local shops, a deliberate piece of social engineering which would help people achieve its sense of identity with the community and with the place
• Human Ecology


  Concept developed by Patrick Geddes, combining geography, culture, and civic education reform toward city betterment, with survey of the region, its character and trends, analysis of the survey, and actual plan
• City & Region Plan


  Concept developed by Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie in the Greater London Plan (1944), a graphic blueprint for the future development of a great region centered on a metropolis but extending for 30 miles (50km) around it in every direction, influenced by decentralization and survey method, with control of London's expansion through greenbelt and new towns
• Regional Planning


  Concept developed by Lewis Mumford and advocated the conversation of "green belts," with self-contained cities supporting residence, work, markets, education, and recreation
• Broadacre City


  Concept developed by Frank Lloyd Wright, a completely dispersed plan through planned low density urban development
• City & Region Plan

  1. Survey of the region

  2. Analysis of the survey

  3. Actual plan
• Greater London Plan (1944)


  A graphic blueprint for the future development of a great region
• Greater London Plan


  • Region centered on metropolis but extending for 30 miles (50km) around it in every direction, and encompassing over 10 million people
  • Influenced by Decentralization (by Howard) and Survey Method (by Geddes)
  • Control London's expansion through greenbelt restricting new buildings and new towns outside greater London and expansion of existing towns for population overspill
• Regional Planning


  Advocating the conversation of "green belts," with self-contained cities supporting residence, work, markets, education, and recreation
• Broadacre City


  A completely dispersed plan through planned low density urban spread, with low-density urban spread (1 acre for each family), super highways for automobiles for interconnectivity, and anticipated the out of town shopping centers
• Modern Paris


  George Eugene Hausmann headed the reconstruction of Paris in the 19th century with broad boulevards and great parks
• Linear City


  An elongated urban formation with a series of functionality specialized parallel sectors that would run parallel to a river and be built so that the dominant wind, implemented along an axis of high speed, high intensity transportation from an existing city
• Linear City sectors


  • Zone for railway lines
  • Zone for production and enterprises, and educational institutions
  • Green belt/buffer zone with major highway
  • Children's band (residential zone & social institutions)
  • Park zone
  • Agricultural zone