Intro

• Anatomy


  The science of the structure and function of the body
• Clinical anatomy

  The study of the macroscopic structure and function of the body as it relates to the practice of medicine and other health sciences
• Basic anatomy

  The study of the minimal amount of anatomy consistent with the understanding of the overall structure and function of the body
• Skin

  Layers: Epidermis (outer, protective layer), Dermis (middle layer containing blood vessels, nerves, and glands), Superficial fascia (deepest layer, composed of fat and connective tissue)
• Appendages of the skin

  • Nails
  • Hair follicles
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Sweat glands
• Fasciae

  Types: Superficial fascia (hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue), Deep fascia (surrounds muscles, bones, nerves, and blood vessels)
• Types of muscle tissue

  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
• Skeletal muscle

  Attachments: Origin (moves the least), Insertion (moves the most)<|>Parts: Belly, Tendons, Aponeurosis, Raphe
• Types of joints

  • Fibrous joints
  • Cartilaginous joints
  • Synovial joints
• Nerve supply of joints

  Capsule and ligaments receive abundant sensory nerve supply
• Ligaments, bursae, synovial sheath

  • Ligaments (connect bone to bone, provide joint stability)
  • Bursae (fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction)
  • Synovial sheath (double-layered tubular structure surrounding tendons)
• Blood vessels

  • Arteries (carry oxygenated blood away from heart)
  • Veins (carry deoxygenated blood toward heart)
  • Capillaries (where exchange of substances occurs)
• Lymphatic system


  • Lymphatic tissues
  • Lymph vessels
  • Lymph nodes
  • Lymph (fluid that circulates through lymphatic system)
• Nervous system

  • Central nervous system
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
• Central nervous system

  Composed of nerve cells and their processes, supported by neuroglia<|>Neuron: nerve cell and all its processes<|>Gray matter: nerve cells embedded in neuroglia<|>White matter: nerve fibers (axons) embedded in neuroglia
• Peripheral nervous system

  • Cranial nerves
  • Spinal nerves
  • Spinal nerve roots
• Plexuses

  • Cervical plexus
  • Brachial plexus
  • Lumbar plexus
  • Sacral plexus
• Mucous membranes


  Line body cavities that open to exterior, secrete mucus to protect and lubricate surfaces
• Serous membranes


  Line body cavities not open to exterior, secrete serous fluid to reduce friction between organs
• Bone


  Living tissue capable of changing structure due to stresses, consists of cells, fibers, and matrix<|>Forms: Compact (solid mass), Cancellous (branching network of trabeculae)
• Bone marrow


  Occupies marrow cavity and interstices of cancellous bone, covered by periosteum (fibrous tissue with abundant vascular supply)
• Cartilage

  Connective tissue with cells and fibers embedded in gel-like matrix, covered by perichondrium (fibrous membrane)<|>Types: Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic
• Effects of sex, race, and age on structure

  • Sex differences
  • Racial differences
  • Age-related changes