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• Anatomy


  Study of the structures of the body
• Physiology


  Study of the processes and functions of the body
• Main goals of anatomy and physiology

  • To understand and predict
  • To understand how the body maintains conditions
• Heart


  (Anatomy) A muscular organ located at the center of the chest behind the sternum<|>(Physiology) Its main function is to pump blood throughout the body
• Systemic Anatomy


  Study of the body by organ system
• Regional Anatomy


  Study of the body by areas
• Homeostasis


  Ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions
• Homeostasis: Homeo


  Same
• Homeostasis: Stasis


  Standing still
• Homeostasis


  Balance / Equilibrium
• Homeostasis mechanisms normally maintain body temp near an ideal normal value; sweating, shivering
• Movement


  A type of response to stimuli<|>Human movement includes not only actions at the joints of the body, but also the motion of individual organs and even individual cells<|>Ability of an organism in displacement, move from one location to another
• Development


  All of the changes the body goes through in life<|>Includes the process of differentiation, in which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body<|>Also includes the processes of growth and repair, both of which involve cell differentiation
• Growth


  Part of development
• Repair


  Part of development
• Metabolism


  Ability of organism to utilize energy<|>Living things take in energy for maintenance and growth
• Anabolism


  Process where simple molecules are gathered to create complex molecules<|>Storing/building of energy<|>Smaller to larger
• Catabolism


  Process where complex molecules were broken down of energy<|>Breaking down of energy<|>Larger to smaller
• Reproduction


  Formation of a new organism from parent organisms<|>In humans, reproduction is carried out by the male and female reproductive systems<|>Without reproduction, the line of organisms would end
• Sexual reproduction


  Copulation; with the use of sex organs, 2 parents supply DNA
• Asexual reproduction


  Absence of sexual act, pollination, cross pollination
• Vital signs


  Measurements of the body's most basic functions
• Pulse rate


  The number of times a person's heart beats per minute (bpm)<|>Normal: 60-100 bpm<|>Bradycardia: <60 bpm<|>Tachycardia: >100 bpm
• Blood pressure


  The force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of the arteries<|>Normal: <120/80 mmHg<|>Hypotensive: <90/60 mmHg<|>Hypertensive: >130/90 mmHg
• Temperature


  The average internal temperature of a healthy human body<|>Normal: 36.5°C - 37.5°C (Celsius) or 97°F - 99°F (Fahrenheit)<|>Hypothermia: <36.5°C/97°F<|>Hyperthermia: >37.5°C/99°F
• Oxygen saturation (O2 saturation)


  The percentage of hemoglobin in the blood that is saturated with oxygen molecules<|>Normal: 95%-100%<|>Hypoxemia: <95%
• Respiratory rate


  The number of breaths a person takes per minute<|>Normal: 12-20 cpm<|>Bradypnea: <15 cpm<|>Tachypnea: >20 cpm
• Anatomical positions


  Anterior (ventral): Refers to the front of the body<|>Posterior (dorsal): Refers to the back of the body<|>Superior: Toward the head or upper part of the body<|>Inferior: Toward the feet or lower part of the body<|>Medial: Toward the midline of the body<|>Lateral: Away from the midline of the body<|>Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment or origin<|>Distal: Farther from the point of attachment or origin<|>Superficial: Closer to the surface of the body<|>Deep: Farther from the surface of the body
• Body cavities


  Fluid-filled spaces within the body of an organism that house and protect internal organs<|>Dorsal body cavity: Cranial cavity, Vertebral (Spinal) cavity<|>Ventral body cavity: Thoracic cavity, Abdominopelvic cavity
• Abdomen quadrants and regions

  Quadrants: Right Upper, Left Upper, Right Lower, Left Lower<|>Regions: Epigastric, Right Hypochondriac, Left Hypochondriac, Umbilical, Right Lumbar, Left Lumbar, Hypogastric, Right Iliac, Left Iliac
• Structural and functional organization levels

  Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
• The 11 organ systems

  • Integumentary System
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
  • Nervous System
  • Respiratory System
  • Digestive System
  • Reproductive System
  • Urinary System
  • Endocrine System
  • Lymphatic System
• Integumentary system


  Protects deeper organs from injury due to bumps, chemicals, bacteria, and dehydration<|>Excretes salts and urea<|>Helps regulate body temperature<|>Produces vitamin D
• Muscular system


  Produces movement<|>Maintains posture<|>Produces heat
• Skeletal system


  Protects and supports internal organs<|>Provides levers for muscular action<|>Cavities provide a site of blood cell formation<|>Stores minerals
• Nervous system


  Fast-acting control system<|>Responds to internal and external change<|>Activates muscles and glands<|>Helps maintain short-term homeostasis of the body via rapid transmission of electrical signals
• Endocrine system


  Secretes chemical molecules, called hormones, into the blood<|>Body functions controlled by hormones include: Growth and Reproduction, Use of nutrients<|>Plays a role in regulating long-term homeostasis
• Cardiovascular system


  Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart<|>Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes
• Lymphatic system


  Returns fluids to blood vessels<|>Cleanses the blood<|>Involved in immunity
• Respiratory system


  Keeps blood supplied with oxygen<|>Removes carbon dioxide<|>Contributes to the acid-base balance