Lesson 6 reupload

• School-aged


  Ages 7-12 years old
• School-aged characteristics

  • Daily Caloric Requirement: 2,100 - 2,400 kcal/day
  • Slow, steady growth, increased body proportions
  • Expresses own food choices
  • Strong urge to eat what friends eat
  • Eats what most adults do
  • Eats a wider variety of foods and has more likes and dislikes
  • Develops fondness for food products of movie idol
  • Should foster proper eating habit
  • Obesity is common
  • Oral medications preferred
  • Observe and explain pre-pubertal change
  • Wants simple and plain dishes
  • Ensure involvement in planning and preparing meals
  • Problem solving develops industry
  • Hands out with same sex
  • Grows steadily
  • Behavior problems are common (bullying)
  • Assume death as punishment
• Nutrition plays a role in school-aged


  • Furnishing energy needed for vigorous activity
  • Helping to maintain resistance to infection
  • Providing adequate nutrient stores to assist in adolescent growth
• Nutrient allowances for school-aged

  • Calories: 80 to 90 kcal/kg for 7-9 years, 70 to 80 kcal/kg for 10-12 years
  • Protein: 37 gm daily for 7-9 years, 43 to 48 gm daily for 10-12 years
  • Vitamins and Minerals: Essential for growth and development like iron, ascorbic acid, and calcium
• Feeding problems for school-aged

  • Inadequate Meals - breakfast is often missed or hurriedly eaten
  • Poor Appetite - due to demanding school work, tiring extracurricular activities, new outdoor experiences, soft drinks in school
  • Child has sweet tooth - parents give sweets as rewards or pasalubongs
• Adolescence

  • Period of greatest nutritional needs coincides with peak rate of growth
  • Need more food from each food group
  • Introducing and encouraging wide variety of foods can set lifelong food habits
  • Transition period between childhood and adulthood, girls go through earlier than boys
  • Teenagers lead active life with gang or "barkada"
  • Daily caloric requirement: Girls - 2,200 kcal/day, Boys - 2,700 kcal/day
  • Need more body-building and energy-boosting foods
  • Need to add more foods rich in protein, calories, iron, and vitamin C
  • Provide Iron and Zinc to prevent anemia
  • Attachment to opposite sex
  • Identity vs role confusion
  • Acceptance through peers is needed, growth spurt, encourage decision making
  • Teach stress management and coping techniques
  • Respect independence
  • Substance abuse and early pregnancy must be addressed
  • Teenage pregnancy causes malnutrition in mother and infant
• Nutrient allowances for adolescence

  • Calories - higher energy expenditure from intense physical activity
  • Protein - 59 grams per day for 13-15 years old, 65 grams for 16-19 years old
  • Vitamins - Vitamin C allowance higher in boys 16-19 years, Vitamin A allowance higher in older male adolescents
  • Minerals - Increased allowances for calcium, iron, and iodine
• Possible nutritional problems in adolescence

  • Low intake of Calcium, Vitamin A, and Vitamin C
  • Low intake of iron for girls
  • Anorexia Nervosa / Bulimia - psychologic eating disorders
  • Obesity or underweight
  • Skin problems
• Special nutritional concerns in adolescence

  • Eating disorders, inappropriate food patterns including skipping meals, food fads and crash diets, use of alcohol and drugs
  • Dieting for fear of becoming fat
• Health problems in adolescence

  • Smoking
  • Alcoholism
  • Drug Addiction
  • Sexually Transmitted Diseases
  • Adolescent Pregnancy
• Nutritional deficiencies related to in adolescence

  • Psychological Factors - food aversions and emotional problems
  • Fear of overweight or crash diets
  • Food diets
  • Poor choice of snack foods
  • Irregular eating pattern
  • Additional stress of pregnancy
• Regular screening for adolescents

  • Hemoglobin and Hematocrit - detect iron deficiency
  • Anemia Urinalysis - detect urinary tract infection
  • Physical Assessment and X-ray - detect scoliosis
  • Breast Examination for females - detection of breast CA
  • Testicular Examination for males - detection of testicular CA
  • Gynecologic care for females
• Adult years (21-50 years)


  • Period of full growth and maturity
• Feeding the adult


  Eat variety of foods<|>Eat food with adequate starch and fibers<|>Maintain ideal weight<|>Avoid too much fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol<|>Avoid alcohol, drink alcohol in moderation<|>Avoid too much sugar and sodium
• Nutritional issues in adults

  • Osteoporosis - silent bone disease leading to increased fracture risk, more common in women, risk factors include early ovary removal, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, drinking
  • Cancer - fruits, vegetables, whole grains may help lower risk, carotene and cruciferous vegetables have anti-cancer effects, moderation of high fat, nitrite-cured, and smoked foods, vitamin D from milk may help ward off colon cancer
• Elderly


  • Continuous process from womb to tomb
  • Aging caused by loss in number of cells
  • Collagen in connective tissues undergoes chemical changes
  • Sense of taste and smell less acute causing loss of appetite
  • Less saliva secreted making swallowing difficult
  • Digestion affected by reduced acidity and pepsin
• Nutrient requirements for elderly

  • Calories - reduction recommended due to reduced BMR and physical activity
  • Proteins - 1.1 gm/kg body weight required to prevent tissue wasting and disease/infection
  • Vitamins and Minerals - calcium, iron, Vitamin A, B complex, Vitamin C
  • Water and Fiber - 6 to 8 glasses or more daily to eliminate waste, stimulate peristalsis, combat constipation
• Common problems among the elderly


  • Difficulty chewing due to loss of teeth and not getting used to dentures
  • Lack of Appetite
  • Unwanted weight loss due to lack of physical activity and/or overeating
  • Anxiety, confusion, insecurity or loneliness
  • Poor digestion leading to constipation, gas pains, or diarrhea
  • Poor absorption leading to anemia and other vitamin deficiencies
  • Difficulty in sleeping