CAPERNICAN REVOLUTION

• Copernican Revolution


  The dramatic change, initiated by Copernicus, that occurred when we learned that Earth is a planet orbiting the Sun rather than the center of the universe

  
• Kant turned epistemology inside-out

  By theorizing that objective reality depends on the mind
• Nicolaus Copernicus published De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres)


  1543
• Copernicus' model for the solar system

  • Heliocentric, with the planets circling the sun rather than Earth

  
• In antiquity people believed the Earth was the centre of the solar system and the universe, whereas now we know we are on just one of many planets orbiting the sun

  
• Copernican Revolution


  The first explicit presentation of the heliocentric model in Renaissance scholarship
• Discoveries that showed the Earth was not the only center of motion

  • Discovery of four moons of Jupiter
  • Phases of Venus demonstrated Venus orbits the Sun

  
• The Copernican Revolution gives us an important framework for understanding the Universe. We do not occupy a special or privileged place in the Universe
• Kant's Copernican Revolution


  Like Nicolaus Copernicus, Kant turned epistemology inside-out by theorizing that objective reality depends on the mind
• Darwinian Revolution


  Charles Darwin's theory of evolution states that evolution happens by natural selection
• Darwin's theory of evolution

  • Evolution as such
  • Common descent
  • Gradualism
  • Population speciation
  • Natural selection
• Charles Darwin's theory of evolution changed how people approach biology forever, and has fundamental impacts on modern science, religion, and other aspects of the society
• Freudian revolution


  Freud's discovery of a way of locating in the mind objective entities which can be studied like physical things
• Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality development

  • The id
  • The ego
  • The superego
• Sigmund Freud greatly impacted the development of psychotherapy and treatment methods through the course of the 20th century
• Freud's psychosexual stages


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