cell-biology

• Cells


  The smallest unit of structure and function of all living organisms
• All cells come from other cells
• The advent of the microscope allowed the discovery that all cells come from other cells
• Cell division is the process of one cell dividing into two cells
• Cell Theory

  All organisms are made up of one or more cells<|>All the life functions of an organism occur within cells<|>All cells come from preexisting cells
• The Cell Theory was suggested by Theodor Schwann, Matthias Jakob Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow
• Modern Cell Theory


  All known living things are made up of one or more cells<|>All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division<|>The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms<|>The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells<|>Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells<|>Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division<|>All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species
• The Cell Theory is one of the main principles of biology
• Schwann's original conclusion that cells formed in a similar way to crystals was discounted when Virchow proposed that all cells arise only from other cells
• The Cell Theory has withstood intense examination of cells by modern powerful microscopes and other instruments
• Cells


  Some cells make the whole organism, so that one cell must do everything that organism needs to do to live<|>Other cells perform specific functions, so they must be designed to do that specific activity
• Unicellular organisms


  The one cell must be able to perform all the functions necessary for life, including metabolism, homeostasis and reproduction
• Multicellular organisms


  Cells perform functions in collaboration with other cells
• Cell components


  Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids in a water-based environment
• Cell membrane


  The lipid (phospholipid) membrane that keeps the water-based environment in the cell separate from the water-based environment outside the cell
• Cells must be able to interact with their external environment, bringing in molecules and expelling waste products
• Cell biology


  The field of biology that studies cells and their physiology
• Knowing the components of cells and how cells work is necessary to all of the biological sciences
• Biology


  The study of life or the study of living things what they are, how they function, how they interact with each other and with their environment, and how they change or evolve
• Major divisions of biology

  • Botany - the study of plants
  • Zoology - The study of animals
• Fields of specialization in the study of plant and animal life

  • Morphology - the study of structures and forms of organisms
  • Anatomy - study of the internal structure of living organisms and how tissues are arranged
  • Physiology - functions and bodily processes in organisms
  • Cytology - structure and functions of cells
  • Histology - tissues
  • Embryology - growth and development of new organisms
  • Ecology - environment and the interrelationship of organisms in it
  • Taxonomy - identification, classification and naming of plants and animals
  • Genetics - heredity and variation, or how an organism's characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring
  • Evolution - origin and differentiation of different kinds of organisms
  • Paleontology - fossils of living things and their distribution in time
  • Microbiology - microorganism
  • Bacteriology - bacteria
  • Virology - viruses
  • Protozoology - protozoans or one-celled animals
  • Biochemistry - study of chemical processes involved in living organisms
  • Biogeography - distribution of plants and animals on earth
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek


  Father of Microscopy, saw tiny living things in pond water, through his improved simple microscope, he was able to discover the tiny animals (bacteria, protozoan) which he called the animalcules
• Robert Brown


  Discovered the presence of nucleus within the cells
• Felix Dujardin


  Said that cells contain a gelatinous fluid, a life substance called sarcode
• Johannes Purkinje


  Coined the term "protoplasm" which pertains to the living materials inside the cells
• Rudolf Albert von Kolliker


  Coined the term "cytoplasm" from protoplasm, cytoplasm is a semisolid, semiliquid substance inside the cell that holds other cellular parts (exept nucleus), protoplasm includes nucleus, cytoplasm doesn't
• Theodor Schwann


  Discovered that animals are composed of cells
• Matthias Schleiden


  Discovered that plants are composed of cells
• Rudolf Virchow


  Coined the statement omnis cellula e cellula, which means, "cells divide and form new cells"
• Cell theory


  A scientific theory which describes the property of cells
• Types of microscopes

  • Simple microscope
  • Compound microscope
  • Electron microscope
  • Stereomicroscope
  • Scanning probe microscope