Vacuole

• Plant cell's vacuole - maintain turgor pressure to keep the cell from wilting
• Animal cell's vuocule- storage of nutrients, ions, and water
• Animal cells and plant cells have features im common, such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes
• Chloroplast and Mitochondria are similar in a way that they are sites for ATP synthesis
• The main function of the endomembrane system is the synthesus and modification of proteins and lipids
• A biological system (or organ system or body system) is a group of organs that work together to perform certain tasks
• A biological system requires buffers which are molecules that donate or accept protons to resist drastic change in pH
• In cells, metabolic reactions will not proceed without enzhymes which act as catalysts of biological reactions
• Two Kind of Transport Mechanism

  • Active Transport
  • Passive transport
• Active transport is the type of transport system that requires an energy to move molecules from lower to higher concentration
• Passive transport does not use emergy
• Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a plasmaembrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration
• Diffusion is the passive movement of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) from a region in which they are in higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
• Facilitated diffusion is a process by which substances are yransported across cell membranes by means of protein carrier molecules
• Concentration is the number of particles per unit volume
• In facilitated diffusion the carrier changes its shape while the channel creates a path
• Two Faces of Golgi Body

  • Cis Face
  • Trans Face
• Cis face is the end of the organelle where substances enter from the endoplasmic reticulum for processing
• Transface is where they exit in the form of smaller detached vesicles
• Fluid Mosaic Model is the most acceptable cell membrane model
• Seymour John Singer and Garth L. Nicolson published a paper titled "The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes" in 1972