Anesthesia

• Anesthesia


  A medical treatment that prevents patients from feeling pain during surgery
• Local anesthesia


  • An anesthetic agent given to temporarily stop the sense of pain in a particular area of the body
• Regional anesthesia


  • Used to numb only the portion of the body that will undergo the surgery
• General anesthesia


  • An anesthetic used to induce unconsciousness during surgery
• Stages of anesthesia

  1. Induction

  2. Maintenance

  3. Recovery
• Induction


  The time from administration of a potent anesthetic to development of effective anesthesia
• Maintenance


  Providing sustained anesthesia by continuously infusing or letting the patient inhale the anesthetic agent
• Recovery


  The reverse of induction, the patient is monitored for return of consciousness
• Inhaled general anesthetics

  • Desflurane
  • Halothane
  • Isoflurane
  • Nitrous oxide
  • Sevoflurane

  
• Intravenous general anesthetics

  • Barbiturates
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Dexmedetomidine
  • Etomidate
  • Ketamine
  • Opioids
  • Propofol

  
• Halothane


  The prototype to which newer inhalation anesthetics are compared

  
• Isoflurane


  Undergoes little metabolism and is not toxic to the liver or kidney
• Desflurane


  Provides very rapid onset and recovery due to low blood solubility
• Sevoflurane


  Has low pungency, allowing rapid induction without irritating the airways
• Nitrous oxide


  A non-irritating potent analgesic but a weak general anesthetic
• Propofol


  An IV sedative/hypnotic used for induction and/or maintenance of anesthesia
• Barbiturates


  Potent anesthetic but a weak analgesic, requiring supplementary analgesic administration

  
• Barbiturates


  • Amobarbital
  • Pentobarbital
  • Phenobarbital
  • Secobarbital
  • Thiopental

  
• Benzodiazepines


  Used in conjunction with anesthetics for sedation

  
• Benzodiazepines


  • Alprazolam
  • Chlordiazepoxide
  • Clonazepam
  • Clorazepate
  • Diazepam
  • Estazolam
  • Flurazepam
  • Lorazepam
  • Midazolam
  • Oxazepam
  • Quazepam
  • Temazepam
  • Triazolam

  
• Opioids


  Commonly combined with other anesthetics due to their analgesic property
• Etomidate


  A hypnotic agent used to induce anesthesia, but it lacks analgesic activity
• Ketamine


  A short-acting, nonbarbiturate anesthetic that induces a dissociated state

  
• Dexmedetomidine


  A sedative used in intensive care settings and surgery

  
• Local anesthesia


  Blocks nerve conduction of sensory impulses and, in higher concentration, motor impulses
• Local anesthetics


  Have specific receptors, blocking sodium ion channels to prevent action potential propagation
• Local anesthetic drugs


  • Lidocaine
  • Bupivacaine
  • Prilocaine
  • Mepivacaine
  • Articaine
  • Ropivacaine
  • Levobupivacaine
  • Chloroprocaine
  • Cocaine
  • Procaine
  • Tetracaine
  • Benzocaine

  
• Lidocaine


  A short-duration local anesthetic used for topical, infiltration, spinal, and peripheral blocks
• Bupivacaine


  A longer-duration local anesthetic used for longer procedures, but not topically or intravenously

  
• Chloroprocaine


  A very short-duration local anesthetic used for very short procedures
• Cocaine


  A local anesthetic with sympathomimetic effects, used for procedures requiring high surface activity and vasoconstriction
• Anesthesia


  A medical treatment that prevents patients from feeling pain during surgery
• Local anesthesia


  An anesthetic agent given to temporarily stop the sense of pain in a particular area of the body
• Regional anesthesia


  Used to numb only the portion of the body that will undergo the surgery
• General anesthesia


  An anesthetic used to induce unconsciousness during surgery
• Stages of anesthesia

  1. Induction

  2. Maintenance

  3. Recovery
• Induction


  The time from administration of a potent anesthetic to development of effective anesthesia
• Maintenance


  Providing sustained anesthesia by continuously infusing or letting the patient inhale the anesthetic agent
• Recovery


  The reverse of induction, the patient is monitored for return of consciousness
• General anesthetics: Inhaled

  • Desflurane
  • Halothane
  • Isoflurane
  • Nitrous oxide
  • Sevoflurane