Lesson 1

• Disease was believed to be caused by the negative interaction between the environment and the body
• Hippocrates - Considered the father of medicine and the author of the hippocratic oath, and golen
• What are the four humors

  1. Blood
  2. Phlegm
  3. Yellow bile
  4. Black bile
• Urine was one of the body fluid that underwent examination
• Hippocrates advocated the tasting of urine, listening to the lungs, and observing outward appearances
• Hippocrates concluded that appearance of blood, bubbles, and pus in urine indicated kidney disease and chronic illnesses.
• Galen described diabetes as "diarrhea of urine" and established the relationship between fluid intake and urine volume
• In medieval europe, diagnosis by "water casting" (uroscopy) was widely practiced
• Physicians who failed to examine the urine were subjected to public beatings
• By 900 AD, the first book detailing the characteristics of urine was written
• In the 11th century, medical practioners were not allowed to conduct physical examination of the patient's body
• In the 18th century, mechanical techniques and cadever dissection were used to provide a more objective and accurate diagnosis
• Who made the spirometer and what is its use

  John Hutchinson's ; measuring the vital capacity of the lungs
• Who made the sphygmomanometer and what is its use

  Jules Herrison ; measuring blood pressure
• The use of chemistry was pivotal in the diagnosis of diabetes, anemia, diptheria, and syphillis
• Who made the stethoscope and what is its use

  Rene Laennec ; acquire info about the lungs and heartbeats
• Who made the microscope and what is its use

  Antonie van Leewonhoek (1840) ; Developed for medical purposes due to advances in lenses and lower costs
• Who made the ophthalmoscope and what is it

  Hermann von Heimholz (1850) ; First visual technology
• Who made the laryngoscope and what is its use

  Manuel Garcia (1855) ; Observe throat and larynx
• What is x-ray and who made it

  Wilhelm Rontgen (1859) ; View insides of body without surgery
• What is electrocardiograph and who made it

  Measure electrical changes during the beating of the heart ; William Einthoven
• Serves as the pioneering work for modern physical therapy; devised by Elizabeth Kenny

  Kenny Method (1910)
• What is a drinker respirator and who made it

  Helps patients with paralytic anterior poliomyelitis recover normal respiration with the assistance of artificial respirator ' Philip Drinker (1927)
• Who made the heart-lung machine

  Hermann von Helmholz
• First operated by Forsmann and developed by Moniz Rebouul. Made by seeing the heart, lung vessels, and valves possible through inserting a cannula in an arm vein into the heart with an injection of radiopauque dye for x-ray visualization

  Cardiac catheterization and angiography (1941)
• The electron microscope gave way to the visualization of small cells including tumor cells
• The adaptation of computers in medical researched led to the development of tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• In 1918, John Kolmer called the development of a method that would certify medical technologists on a national scale
• Kolmer published "The demand for and training of laboratory technicians" that included a description of the first formal training course in medical technology
• The first hospital the Spanish established in 1965, Hospital Real in Cebu
• In 1578, the Fransicans built the San Lazaro Hospital for the poor and lepers
• In 1596, the Hospital de San Juan de Dios was founded for poor spaniards
• In 1641, the Hospital de San Jose was founded in Cavite
• The Dominicans founded the University of Santo Thomas in 1611, which in 1871 established the first faculties of pharmacy and medicine
• The central board of vaccination which started producing and distributing vaccine lymph in 1806 and 122 regular vaccinators in Manila
• In 1976, provincial medical officers were appointed to provide health care services throughout the country
• The Laboratorio Municipal de Manila was established by the spanish authorities in 1887 for laboratory examinations of food, water, and clinical samples
• General Antonio Luna, was employed as a chemical expert in this laboratory and pioneered water testing, forensics and environmental studies
• Advancements in medicine and health care during the Soanish colonial rule broke down because of the Philippine-American wasr which laster from 1899 to 1902
• In replacement of the Spanish health system, the Americans established public health institutions modeled after military health care systems