Basic Concepts

• Organic Chemistry


  mostly concerned with the study of chemicals containing the element carbon
• inorganic chemistry


  the study of all elements of compounds other than organic compounds
• analytical chemistry


  the study of qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements and compounds
• physical chemistry


  the study of reaction rates, mechanisms, bonding, and structure
• Matter


  anything that has the property of occupying space and the attributes of gravity and inertia
• States of Matter


  Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma, Bose-Einstein Condensate
• Plasma


  the collection of charged gaseous particles containing nearly equal numbers of negative and positive ions
• Solid


  characterized by resistance to any change in shape, caused by a strong attraction between the molecules of which it is composed
• Liquids


  it has sufficient molecular attraction to resist forces tending to change their volume
• Gas


  these are widely dispersed and move freely, offers no resistance to change of shape and little resistance to change of volume
• Changes in Matter


  Physical, Chemical Change
• Physical change is characterized by a change in the phase or state of a substance, but its chemical composition remains unchanged.
• Chemical Change


  characterized by a change in composition of its molecules changes, the properties of the original substance are lots, and new substances with new properties are produced.
• Element


  a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary means.
• Compounds


  are substance in which two or more elements joined by chemical bonds. It can be created or broken down by means of a reaction but not mechanical/ physical mean
• Atom


  smallest unit of an element
• Molecule


  the smallest unit of a compound or the form of an element in which atoms bind together that has the properties of the compound or element.
• Nucleus


  a sub-atomic particles that contains the proton and neutron
• electron


  negative electric charge
• Proton


  positive electric charge
• Neutron


  No charge
• Atomic Number


  it is equals to the number of proton in an electron
• Mass Number


  the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus
• Isotopes


  atoms of the same element having the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
• Rutherford Model


  a type of model that pictured the atom as miniature solar system with the electrons moving like planets around the nucleus.
• Bohr Model


  A type of model that quantized the orbits in order to explain the stability of the atom
• The S orbital is where electrons with no angular momentum occupy regions of space.
• Schrodinger Model


  used description of regions pf space
• Electron Configuration


  The arrangement of the atom's electrons with respect to its nucles.
• Valence Electrons


  electrons found in the highest energy level of the electron cloud
• Ionic Bond


  It is formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another to achieve noble gas configuration
• Cation


  Electrons that became positively charged
• Anion


  Electrons becomes negatively charged
• Covalent Bond


  It is formed when sharing of available outer elements of the atoms occur
• Chemical Reaction


  This involves breakage and reformation of chemical bonds of molecules to form different substances.
• Composition Reaction


  A type of chemical reaction where a more complex substance is broken down into two or more simpler substances. Also known as "synthesis or combination reaction)
• Decomposition Reaction


  A type of chemical reaction where a more complex substance is broken down into two or more simpler substances
• Single Replacement Reaction


  A type of chemical reaction in which a less reactive element is displaced from a compound by a more reactive element.
• Double displacement reaction 


  a type of reaction wherein cations of two compounds switch anions to form new products
• Law of Definite Proportions


  Also called the law of constant composition