Health chap 8

• GNI


  Gross national income - the total value of goods and services a country's citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country
• GDP

  Gross domestic product - the goods and services that everyone in a country makes all together
• Economic characteristics


  A range of factors relating to the financial or economic state of a country that can influence the opportunities and resources available for its citizens
• Economic characteristics


  • High average incomes
  • Lower levels of poverty
• Social characteristics


  The social and cultural factors that we live and grow in
• Social characteristics


  • Higher levels of gender equality
  • High levels of education
• Environmental characteristics


  The health and safety of the surrounding environment
• Environmental characteristics


  • Food security
  • Access to safe water and sanitation
• Poverty


  The lack of access to resources, often as the result of a lack of access to money
• Clean water


  Water that is not contaminated with disease causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses
• Sanitation


  The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces
• characteristics of high middle low income countries

  economic social environmental
• factors that contribute to similarities and differences in health status

  access to safe water, access to sanitation, poverty, inequality and discrimination
• access to safe water

  Safe water refers to water that is not contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or

  chemicals such as lead and mercury.

  • cant wash food- food poisoning
  • time out of school to collect water- social
  • increases rates of water borne diseases like cholera and diarrhoea
• access to sanitation


  Access to sanitation means adequate facilities like a flushing toilet or covered latrine and the hygienic removal or containment of the waste products.

  • no private toilets, cultures expect girls to wait until dark- exposes them to danger of harassment- mental
  • inadequate access to toilets can contaminate soil with faeces which increases intestinal worms like hookworm- life expectancy
• poverty


  Poverty refers to deprivation of usually income but presents as a lack of material resources such as food, shelter, clean water and healthcare.

  • Undernutrition is often the result of an inability to afford nutritious foods, premature death- physical
  • Reduced access to education results in lower literacy rates, pregnancy knowledge- maternal mortality
• discrimination and inequality

  • Racial discrimination is when a person is treated less favourably than another person because of their race, colour, or ethnic origin.
  • Many members of religious or belief communities face discrimination based on their religion or belief.
  • Sex refers to the physiological characteristics, including the DNA and sex organs, present in an individual at birth.
  • Gender identity describes how individuals perceive themselves as male, female, a blend of both, or neither.
  • Sexual orientation describes the sex that an individual is sexually and romantically attracted to.
• racial discrimination

  • discrimination encourages alcohol dependence, cancer- mortality
  • prevent them accessing healthcare, treatment- physical
• religion

  • sworn at, spat at- mental
  • denied jobs, income- psychological stress
• sex

  • females missing out on education lower health literacy- physical
  • females earn less, financial stress- psychological stress
• sexual orientation

  • those who do not identify as heterosexual can be refused jobs- financial stress
  • those who do not identify as heterosexual are denied healthcare
• gender identity

  • Individuals who are transgender experience higher rates of physical and sexual assault
  • are more likely to face discrimination in society, meaning they are at a higher risk of self harm
• global distribution and marketing

  • alcohol
  • tobacco
  • processed foods
• marketing


  the activities of a company associated with selling a product or service to people
• alcohol

  • In low to middle income countries money may be scarce and an alcohol addiction can cause an individual to spend money needed for food, clothing or shelter - finance
  • Excessive alcohol intake puts strain on the liver and can cause scarring on the liver tissues, liver disease
• tobacco

  • Repeated tobacco smoking can put strain on the lungs and cause a fault in how the cells in the body divide
• processed foods

  • Eating processed foods that contain significant amounts of added salt, sugar and/or fat such as frozen pizzas, fast food hamburgers and French fries can lead to an unhealthy body weight
  • Processed foods that are marketed at low and middle income countries contribute to a more energy dense diet as it includes high rates or sugars, salt and fat which can increase the risk of hypertension due to higher cholesterol levels
• double burden of disease

  when conditions associated with both poverty and wealth exist side-byside in one community, such as

  undernutrition and obesity
• why are low-income countries targeted (tobacco)

  Laws, taxes, regulation and public awareness campaigns are not present, like how tobacco is often sold cheaply to children and there are no health warnings on packets
• Why are low-income countries targeted (alcohol)

  Weak regulations related to the sale of alcohol, like not having a minimum legal drinking age, and lack of health promotion campaigns.
• Why are low-income countries targeted (processed foods)

  due to rapid urbanisation, people are neglecting their tradition diet and are switching to a westernised diet that are high in sugar, salt, and saturated fats - overweight- mental