Chemical bonding

• Types of Bonds


  • Ionic Bond
  • Covalent Bond
  • Metallic Bond
• Ionic Bond


  Transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals. Forms ions (e.g., NaCl).
• Covalent Bond


  Sharing of electrons between non-metals (e.g., H₂O).
• Metallic Bond


  Free movement of electrons between metal atoms (e.g., Cu).
• Ionic Bonding Formation


  Electrons transferred from metals to non-metals.
• Ionic Bonding Properties


  • High melting/boiling points, conduct electricity when dissolved.
• Covalent Bonding Formation


  Electrons shared between non-metal atoms.
• Covalent Bonding Properties


  • Low melting/boiling points, do not conduct electricity.
• Metallic Bonding Formation


  Delocalized electrons in metals.
• Metallic Bonding Properties


  • Conduct heat/electricity, malleable, ductile.
• Polar vs. Nonpolar Bonds

  • Nonpolar Covalent
  • Polar Covalent
• Nonpolar Covalent


  Equal sharing of electrons (e.g., O₂).
• Polar Covalent


  Unequal sharing of electrons (e.g., H₂O).