reproduction part 2

• Testes


  • Produce sperm and testosterone
• Scrotum


  • Holds the testes outside the body to keep it cooler for sperm production
• Sperm duct


  • Carries sperm from testes to urethra
• Prostate gland


  • Secretes fluid that combines with sperm to form semen
• Urethra

  • Allows excretion of urine and semen, but not at the same time
• Penis


  • Passes urine out of the body and allows semen to pass into the vagina during sexual intercourse
• Female reproductive system

  Ovaries<|>Oviducts<|>Uterus<|>Cervix<|>Vagina
• Ovaries


  • Where egg cells (female gametes) are developed
• Oviducts


  • Place where fertilization takes place, connects ovary to uterus, lined with ciliated cells to push released ovum down
• Uterus


  • Place where the fetus develops
• Cervix


  • Ring of muscle that keeps the fetus in place during pregnancy
• Vagina


  • Entry point for the penis
• Fertilization


  Fusion of nuclei from male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg cell)
• Sperm

  • Has a flagellum/tail to swim towards egg, has mitochondria for energy, has enzymes in acrosome to break down egg's protective layer
• Egg cell


  • Has energy stores in cytoplasm, has a jelly coat that changes at fertilization to prevent multiple sperm from entering
• Fertilization and early development

  Sperm enters oviduct, fertilizes egg to form zygote, zygote travels to uterus, forms embryo that implants in uterine lining, embryo develops into fetus
• Placenta

  Develops during pregnancy, attaches to uterine wall, acts as interface between mother's blood and fetus, provides oxygen and nutrients, removes waste
• Umbilical cord


  Connects fetus to placenta, provides oxygen and nutrients from mother, removes waste to mother's blood
• Amniotic sac and fluid


  Surrounds and protects developing fetus, cushions and supports fetus, helps regulate temperature
• Testosterone


  Hormone responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics in males during puberty
• Estrogen


  Hormone responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics in females during puberty
• Menstrual cycle

  Ovaries release egg every 28 days, uterus lining thickens, if egg not fertilized lining breaks down and is passed out (menstruation)
• Estrogen


  Produced by ovaries, stimulates growth of uterus lining, causes follicle containing egg to mature, decreases FSH production
• Progesterone


  Produced by ovaries, helps maintain thick uterus lining, decreases FSH production, drop causes menstruation
• FSH


  Produced by pituitary gland, causes follicle containing egg to develop and mature, stimulates ovaries to release estrogen
• LH


  Produced by pituitary gland, triggers ovulation, stimulates progesterone production in ovaries
• Estrogen and progesterone levels during menstrual cycle


  Low during menstruation, estrogen increases to thicken uterus lining, progesterone increases after ovulation to maintain lining, drop causes menstruation
• FSH and LH levels during menstrual cycle

  FSH increases to stimulate follicle growth, LH surges to trigger ovulation, then decreases while FSH remains stable
• Sexually transmitted infection (STI)


  Infection transmitted through sexual contact
• HIV


  Pathogen that causes AIDS by attacking and weakening the immune system
• Transmission of HIV

  1. Unprotected sexual intercourse

  2. Sharing needles

  3. Blood transfusions

  4. Mother to child (placenta, breastfeeding)
• Control of STI spread

  Limiting sexual partners<|>Using condoms<|>Getting tested<|>Abstinence if infected<|>Using sterilized needles