Cultural variations in attachment

• What is an individualistic culture?

  one which emphasizes persoanl independence and achievement at the expense of group goals.
• Give some limitations of Lzjendoorn and Kroonemberg

  -Imbalance of studies used: 18/32 being of the USA.

  -Still lots of countries missing- eg Africa and lots of Asia

  -Application of Ainsworth's study- this study was sought to be ethnocentric, meaning results were being measured against middle class american infants.
• Give some strengths of Lzjendoorn and Kroonemberg

  High reliability as they compare results of other studies, so the study can be replicated.

  Standardized methodology which allows the researchers to obtain data without the issue of cultural barriers.

  -Generalisable and representive as countries around the world were included.
• What conclusions could they draw from this?

  -repeative show of secure attachment suggested there may be universal standards for PCG.

  -found that children are raised differently, an example is Germany in which children were raised to be independent as there parents raise them to be 'non-clingy'

  -Childen from israel were seen to be more 'insecure resistant' as they typically went long periods without seeing their mum.
• What was Lzjendoorns and Kroonembergs findings?

  56% of babies were secure. china with least, Uk with most
• What were Lzjendoorns and Kroonembergs procedure?

  used a 'meta-analysis' which used 32 samples from 8 countries.

  average percentage was made to compare between different countries.
• What was Lzjendoorn and Kroonemberg aim?

  To investigate how different cultures around the world were linked to the different attachment types, proposed by Mary Ainsworth, or whether they were culturally specific. 
• What is a collectivist culture?

  one which emphasizes family and work goals above indiviudal needs and desires, high degree of interdependence.