End of Module 7 Quizzes

• After acetylcholine causes a flexor muscle to move your hand toward your shoulder, what would move it the other direction?

  Acetylcholine causes the extensor muscle to contract.
• What happens to a fish’s movement speed in colder water?

  The fish swims at the same speed by recruiting more muscle fibers.
• Which of the following is true of mammals’ slow-twitch muscle fibers?

  Because they are aerobic, they do not fatigue rapidly.
• Which of the following describes a stretch reflex?

  The receptor detects that a muscle is stretched, and sends a signal to contract it reflexively.
• A muscle spindle and a Golgi tendon organ are both described as what?

  Proprioceptors
• What determines the rhythm of a cat’s scratching movements, or the wet dog shakes?

  A set of neurons in the spinal cord.
• What is the route from the motor cortex to the muscles?

  Axons from the motor cortex go to the brainstem and spinal cord, which have axons to the muscles.
• A half-second stimulation in the motor cortex produces what kind of result?

  Contraction of whatever muscles are necessary to produce a particular outcome.
• When a movement occurs, which of the following brain areas is the last one to reach its peak of activity?

  The primary motor cortex.
• What does the antisaccade task measure?

  The ability to inhibit a movement.
• Before we conclude that mirror neurons help people imitate, which of the following should research demonstrate?

  Mirror neurons develop their properties before children start to imitate.
• What does the medial corticospinal tract control?

  Bilateral movements of the trunk of the body.
• What does the finger-to-nose test measure?

  Possible dysfunction of the cerebellum.
• The cerebellum is most important for which aspect of movement?

  Timing
• How are the parallel fibers arranged relative to the Purkinje cells?

  They are perpendicular to them.
• Which of the following characterizes the movements that depend heavily on the basal ganglia?

  Self-initiated, and generally slower than responses that a stimulus triggers.
• In what way, if at all, does basal ganglia activity relate to motivation?

  The basal ganglia increase vigor of response depending on expected reward value.
• What kind of learning depends most heavily on the basal ganglia?

  Motor habits that are difficult to describe in words.
• According to Libet’s study, what is the order of events in a voluntary movement?

  Activity begins in the premotor cortex, and a bit later, people are aware of forming an intention, and finally the movement starts.
• Deterioration of which axons leads to Parkinson’s disease?

  Axons from the substantia nigra to the striatum.
• People with Parkinson’s disease show the greatest impairment with which type of movement?

  Spontaneous voluntary movements
• Which of these chemicals damages the brain in a way that resembles Parkinson’s disease?

  MPTP
• In what way is L-dopa treatment for Parkinson’s disease unusual?

  It was based on a theory instead of trial and error.
• What is the most common age of onset for Huntington’s disease?

  Middle age (30 to 50)
• Why does damage to the basal ganglia lead to involuntary movements in Huntington’s disease?

  Basal ganglia damage reduces inhibition of the thalamus.
• An examination of C-A-G repeats on one gene enables physicians to predict who will develop Huntington’s disease. What else does it help them predict?

  The age of onset of symptoms.