General Chemistry 1

• Filtration is a technique used to extract a mixture containing an undissolved component
• Filtration


  1. Can be done cold or hot

  2. Using a funnel or vacuum

  3. Using a filter paper or glass wool
• Distillation is a process of heating a mixture to form vapors and then condensing the vapors in order to get back the liquid
• Distillate


  The liquid that is obtained by the distillation process
• Two types of distillation

  • Simple distillation
  • Fractional distillation
• Decantation is the process of separating a mixture's components using the difference in their densities
• Decantation


  • Used in oil companies
• Decantation is used to separate immiscible liquids or a liquid and a solid
• Separation of a mixture

  1. Heavier components are drained off

  2. Lighter components are separated with the help of wind
• Gas chromatography


  Technique where components move at different rates in a medium
• Sublimation


  1. Solid converts directly to gas without forming liquid

  2. Solid is left behind after evaporation
• Melting


  Transition from solid to liquid state
• Adsorption

  1. Contaminant is first attached onto a magnetic carrier material

  2. Carrier is then separated using a magnetic field
• Crystallization


  Mass transfer of a solute from a liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase
• Concentration by freezing

  Liquid foods are frozen, crystals are separated from the liquid
• Centrifugation


  Separation of molecules of different densities in a centrifuge rotor at high speed
• Filtration


  Separation of solids from liquids based on differences in their size
• Immiscible liquids


  Liquids that do not mix with each other
• Floatation


  Solid particles float rather than sink in a mixture
• Electrolysis


  Uses direct current to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction and separate elements
• Winnowing

  Husk is carried away by wind, leaving the heavier grains behind
• Physical properties

  • Melting point
  • Boiling point
  • Freezing point
  • Density
  • Conductivity
  • State
  • Solubility
  • Malleability
  • Viscosity
  • Colour
  • Shape
• Chemical properties

  • Flammability
  • Toxicity
  • Reactivity
  • State
• Chemistry is the study of matter and its properties
• Branches of chemistry

  • Organic chemistry
  • Inorganic chemistry
  • Analytical chemistry
  • Physical chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Nuclear chemistry
• Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space
• Classification of matter

  • Elements
  • Compounds
  • Mixtures (homogeneous, heterogeneous, colloids)
• State of matter refers to the appearance or condition of matter (solid, liquid, gas)
• Wind


  A natural movement of air that can be used to separate lighter components from a mixture.
• Lighter Components


  Components with lower densities that can be separated from a mixture using a force like wind.
• Heavier Components


  Components with higher densities that settle at the bottom of a mixture.
• Separation of a Mixture


  The process of dividing a mixture into its individual components based on their physical properties, such as density, solubility, or volatility.
• Concentration by Freezing


  A method used to separate a mixture of a solvent (liquid) and a solute (solid) based on their differences in freezing points.
• Solvent


  The liquid component of a mixture that dissolves the solute.
• Solute


  The solid component of a mixture that dissolves in the solvent.
• Freezing Point


  The temperature at which a liquid changes state to a solid.
• Crystallization


  The process by which a solute forms crystals from a solution.