USCP L1&L2

• • Is a grouping of individuals, which is characterized by common interest, and may have distinctive culture and institutions
  • People in general thought of living together in organized communities with shared laws, traditions and values

  Society
• The term society is derived from the Latin word “socius” which means _ or _


  companionship or friendship
• Enumerate the Six Types of Society.

  • Hunting and Gathering
  • Pastoral
  • Horticultural
  • Agricultural
  • Industrial
  • Postindustrial
• • This is the earliest form of society
  • They are nomadic and composed of 30 members per group
  • Because all people in these societies have few possessions, the societies are fairly egalitarian and the degree of inequality is low
  • To ensure their mutual suvival, everyone is expected to help find food and also to share the food they find
  • To seek their food, hunting-and-gathering people often move from place to place

  Hunting and Gathering
• In Hunting and Gathering, Males are the _ and the females are the _

  hunters, gatherers
• _ is someone who lives by travelling from place to place.

  Nomad
• This means moving from one place to another place rather than living in one place all of the time.

  Nomadic
• • These societies tend to be at least somewhat nomadic, as they often have to move to find better grazing lands for their animals
  • People raise and herd sheep, goats, camels, and other domesticated animals and use them as their major source of food and also, depending on the animal, as a means of transportaion
  • These societies have greater inequality in terms of gender and wealth than is found in hunting-and-gathering societies
  • Wealth stems from the number of animals a family owns, and families with more animals are wealthier and powerful than families with fewer animals 


  Pastoral
• • In these societies, people use hoes and other simple hand tools to raise crops
  • Tend to be less nomadic, as they are able to keep growing their crops in the same location for some time
  • Wealth stems from the amount of land a family owns, and families with more land are wealthier and powerful
  • Horticulturalists are better settled than pastoralists
  • They develop settlements that have larger populations and migrate in search of better conditions
  • Rely on the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and plants
  • Relatively more complex division of labor

  Horticultural
• • Rely on the use of technology in order to cultivate crops in large areas
  • Towns and cities emerged
  • Developed some 5,000 years ago in the Middle East, thanks to the invention of plow
  • The wheel was also invented about the same time, and written language and numbers began to be used
  • Ancient Egypt, China, Greece, and Rome were all of this societies, India, and many other large nations today remain primarily as this type of society
  • Women are often pregnant in these societies, because large families provide more bodies to work in the fields and thus more income

  Agricultural
• • These societies emerged in the 1700s as the development of machines and then factories rejected the plow and other agricultural equipment as the primary mode of production
  • The first machines were steam- and water-powered
  • Marked such a great transformation in many of the world's societies that we now call the period from about 1750s to late 1800s
  • Industializations brought about technological advances that improved people's health and expanded their life spans 


  Industrial
• • We are increasingly living in what has been called the Information Technology Age (or just Information Age), as wireless technology vies with machines and factories as the basis for our economy
  • In these societies, then, information technology and service jobs have replaced machines and manufacturing jobs as the primary dimenstion of the economy

  Postindustrial
• Additional:

  As societies developed and grew larger, they became more unequal in terms of gender and wealth and also more competitive and even warlike with other societies.
• Enumerate the Three Theological Perspectives of Society.

  • Structural Functionalism
  • Conflict Theory
  • Symbolic Interactionism
• • Made possible by cooperation and interdependence 
  • Sees society as a system with parts and with respective functions to perform 
  • Sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability looks at how all structures or institutions in society work together

  Structural Functionalism
• • Society looks at the other side of the issue 
  • Is a theory that society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources
  • who focused on the causes and consequences of class conflict between (the owners of the means of production and the capitalists/Bourgeoisie) and the (the working class and the poor/Proletariat).

  Conflict Theory
• • Is a theory that focuses on how individuals interact 
  • It is a perspective that sees society as the product of shared symbols, such as language.
  • Examples Flags And Nationalism, Emoji and Gestures

  Symbolic Interactionism
• • is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.
  • can also be defined as “Ways of Life”


  Culture
• Enumerate the two Classifications of Culture.

  1. Visible (Tangible Culture or Material Culture)
  2. Invisible (Intangible Culture or Non-Material Culture)
• It is commonly known as Tangible Culture or Material Culture which comprises material culture such as tools, furniture, buildings, bridges etc.

  Visible Culture
• It is commonly known as Intangible Culture or Non-Material Culture which comprises non-material culture as ideas, concepts, worldview, values etc.

  Invisible Culture
• Enumerate the Six Elements of Culture.

  • Beliefs
  • Values
  • People
  • Language
  • Technology
  • Norms
• This is the conceptions or ideas of people.

  Beliefs
• This is what is appropriate or inappropriate in a given society.

  Values
• They live in a culture wherein symbols are used to be understand each other.

  People
• These are shared set of spoken and written symbols.

  Language
• This is the application of knowledge and equipment to ease the task of living and maintaining the environment.

  Technology
• These are specific rules/standards to guide for appropriate behavior.

  Norms
• Enumerate the 4 Types of Norms.

  • Folkways
  • Mores
  • Taboos
  • Laws
• These commonly known as customs (e.g. covering your mouth when you cough or wearing covered shoes to a restaurant).

  Folkways
• These are strict and control moral and ethical behavior (e.g lying, cheating, alcohol use, gossip, jealousy, disgracing or disrespecting parents, incorrect humor, sports cheating, vandalism, leaving trash).

  Mores
• These hold strongly that the violators could result in extreme disgust (e.g In many Jewish and Muslim communities, people are  forbidden from eating pork, cat calling).

  Taboos
• These are codified ethics.

  Laws
• • is a way of thinking and perceiving the world that centers on one’s own cultural or ethnic group. It involves evaluating other cultures and ethnic groups based on the standards and values of one’s own group and viewing them as inferior or less important.
  • Individuals who are ethnocentric will believe that their culture’s beliefs, ideas, values, and practices are correct, and they use the standards in their own culture to assess other cultural groups
  • A popular example of this is to think of the utensils different cultures prefer to use. 

  Ethnocentrism
• • is the preference for another culture or other cultures over one's own culture. 
  • A person practicing xenocentrism assumes that foreign cultures are superior to their own, and thus values the goods, styles, ideas, and traditions, among other aspects of foreign cultures, more than that of their own culture. 

  Xenocentrism
• Enumerate the 10 Agents of Socialization

  • Family
  • Schools
  • The peer group
  • The mass media
  • Socialization
  • Status
  • Role
  • Ascribed Status
  • Achieved Status
• • Mothers and fathers, siblings and grandparents, plus members of an extended family, all teach a child what he or she needs to know
  • For example, they show the child how to use objects (such as clothes, computers, eating utensils, books, bikes).

  Family
• • This teach knowledge and skills needed for later life, and expose children to greater social diversity.

  School
• This takes on great importance during adolescence.

  The peer group
• These have a huge impact on socialization in modern societies.

  The mass media