Geography

• SPICESS stands for Space Place Interconnection Change Environment Sustainability Scale.
• Space: The way that things are mapped and arranged on the Earth's surface.
• Place: Places on the Earth that are given a name and meaning by people
• Change: Helps us understand what is happening in the world.
• Interconnection: How natural and human processes are linked.
• Environment refers to the natural surroundings of a place and how to preserve it.
• Sustainability refers to the ability to maintain long-term environmental balance while meeting human needs.
• Scale refers to the relative size or scope of a phenomenon, from local to regional to national to international levels.
• Landscape

  Part of the Earth's surface consisting of a variety of geographical features that are characteristic of an area. Landscapes are divided into two main categories – natural (physical) and human (built).
• Geographical features of a landscape

  • Natural elements of landforms (such as mountains, valleys, coastlines)
  • Water bodies (such as rivers, lakes, seas and oceans)
  • Living elements of land cover (including vegetation and wildlife)
  • Human elements (including different forms of land use, buildings and structures)
  • Changeable elements (such as weather conditions)
• Landforms

  Natural geographic feature or shape of the Earth's surface including valleys, plateaus, mountains, glaciers, plains.
• What is the meaning of the value of a landform/landscape?

  How much people believe it's worth
• Economic value: The financial value of a landscape/landform (how much money it's worth)
• Spiritual value: The ways a landscape is important to the religious and spiritual beliefs of a certain group of people.
• Cultural value: Linked to the importance of a landscape/landform expressed by people through art, stories and survival
• Aesthetic value: The value of a landscape/landform closely linked to its beauty and uniqueness.
• Preservation: To maintain a landform/natural resource for future generations.
• Conservation: The act of protecting natural resources for future generations.
• Degradation: Process of making something weaker due to water or wind erosion.
• Enhancement: To increase/improve a landform in value.
• Erosion: Wearing away of rocks and soil by weathering processes such as rainfall, wind and ice.
• Deposition: When sediment is deposited on the ground surface from an eroding source.
• Pangea: A supercontinent that consisted of almost all of Earth’s landmasses in early geologic time. It was surrounded by a single ocean named Pantalassa.
• Layers of the Earth:

  1. Crust (Includes both lithosphere and asthenosphere)
  2. Mantle
  3. Core
• Plate Tectonics: Sections of Earth’s crust and upper mantle that have been moving for 3 to 4 billion years.
• What are the two parts of the crust?

  Lithosphere (highest) and aesthenosphere (lower)
• Natural hazards: Environmental events caused by natural processes. They have the potential to impact humans and the environment
• Natural disaster: Extreme and sudden environmental events caused by natural processes that very negatively impact humans and the environment
• Geomorphic hazards: Come from the lithosphere and includes volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc.