G13

• Inequality


  Unequal distribution of income, wealth, resources, and opportunities among individuals, groups, or societies
• Inequality


  • Hinders social mobility
  • Perpetuates poverty
  • Impacts overall economic growth and stability
• Poverty


  A state or situation in which a person or a group of people don't have enough money or the basic things they need to live
• Poverty incidence - Per capita income is insufficient to meet their basic food and non-food needs. 25.4 million Filipinos
• Subsitence incidence - Income is not enough to buy even the basic food needs was registered at 8.7 percent or about 9.79 million Filipinos in the first semester of 2023
• Absolute poverty


  A lack of resources to meet the physical needs for survival, a lack of basic security, the absence of one or more factors that enable individuals and families to assume basic responsibilities and to enjoy fundamental rights
• Relative poverty


  A lack of resources to achieve a standard of living that allows people to play roles, participate in relationships, and live a life that is deemed normative of the society to which they belong
• Importance of addressing poverty

  • Improve Health Outcomes
  • Enhance Education
  • Social Stability
  • Socially Economically
  • Economic Growth
  • Increase Productivity
  • Reduced Public Expenditures
• Republic Act No. 8425


  Also known as the Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act, aims to address poverty in the Philippines through area-based interventions and asset reform, establishing the National Anti-Poverty Commission and People's Development Trust Fund to coordinate and provide financial resources for poverty alleviation programs
• The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order thereby uplifting its citizens and marginalized sectors from poverty through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all
• It is the declared policy of the State to uplift the standard of living and quality of life of the poor and provide them with sustained opportunities for growth and development. It shall adopt an area-based, sectoral, and focused intervention to poverty alleviation where every poor Filipino must be empowered to meet the minimum basic needs through the partnership of the government and the basic sectors
• Redistribution of agricultural land to landless farmers and provision of support services
• The PDP 2023-2028 is a plan for deep economic and social transformation to reinvigorate job creation and accelerate poverty reduction by steering the economy back on a high-growth path
• NAPC


  Was created by virtue of RA 8425, or the Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act in 1997. Mandated to serve as the coordinating and advisory body for the implementation of the government's Social Reform Agenda (SRA) to strengthen and invigorate the partnerships between the National Government Agencies (NGAs) and the Basic Sectors
• Poverty alleviation strategies


  • Economic Growth
  • Education & Skill
  • Healthcare & Nutrition
  • Social Protection Programs
  • Private Sector & NGO
• The Agricultural Tariffication Act of 1996 places a 35% tariff on imported rice with the goal of prioritizing local rice production for the population by stabilizing the supply. The tariff also aims to benefit local farmers by creating a more efficient and competitive agricultural system
• Build, Build, Build is designed to make up for the inadequacies in the country's dismal state of infrastructure, will usher in the Golden Age of Infrastructure in the Philippines
• Community Mortgage Program enables informal settlers to purchase and develop the land they occupy
• Slum Upgrading, infrastracture development, and provision of basic services in urban poor areas
• Construction of farm-to-market roads, irrigation systems, and post-harvest facilities
• Provide affordable housing units to low-income families
• Public schools provide free or low-cost education to children from low-income families, ensuring that all children have the opportunity to receive an education regardless of their socio-economic status
• Philippine law that institutionalizes free tuition and exemption from other fees in state universities and colleges (SUCs), and local universities and colleges (LUCs) in the Philippines
• PhilHealth is a Government-Owned and Control Corporations (GOCCs), to implement the National Health Insurance Program of the country towards Universal Health Care and provide financial risk protection to all Filipinos accessing healthcare, prioritizing the indigents, women and children, elderly and PWDs
• Infant and Young Child Feeding Program: Promotes breastfeeding and proper feeding practices for young children
• Micronutrient Supplementation Program: Provides essential vitamins and minerals to prevent deficiencies among at-risk populations
• Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), a conditional cash transfer program. This program provides cash grants to poor households contingent on meeting specific health and education-related conditions, such as children attending school and receiving regular health check-ups
• Other Social Programs in the Philippines

  • Bub or the Bottom-up Budgeting
  • Kalahi-CIDDS or NCDDP
  • Farmers-Agrarian Reform, Rural Development, Sustainable Agriculture
  • Cooperative-Sustainable Development, Value Chain, Social Solidarity Economy
  • Indigenous Peoples (IPs)- Sustainable Agriculture through Organic Farming
  • Gawad Kalinga
  • PBSP
• Gawad Kalinga


  Provides housing and community development for poor families
• Philippine Business for Social Progress (PBSP)


  Implement programs in education, health and livelihood
• Capability Approach


  Pioneered by Amartya Sen and further developed by Martha Nussbaum. Focus on enhancing individual freedoms and capabilities. Key concepts: Capabilities and Functionings
• Capabilities and Functionings


  Sen (1999) differentiates between 'capabilities' (the opportunities available to individuals) and 'functionings' (the achievements realized from these opportunities). This distinction underscores that true development involves expanding people's capabilities to lead lives they value
• Central Capabilities


  Nussbaum (2011) outlines a list of essential capabilities that every society should strive to provide, including life, bodily health, bodily integrity, and the ability to participate in political and social activities
• Capability Approach


  • Focus on freedom
  • Human dignity and justice
  • Adaptability to context
  • Policy and evaluation
• Human Development Index (HDI)

  A measure of a country's development that considers not just economic growth, but also education and health outcomes
• Radical Economic Paradigms


  • Focus on structural inequalities and power dynamics
  • Advocates for systemic change to achieve equitable economic outcomes
  • Institutional Economics: Role of institutions in shaping economic performance
  • Creative Destruction: Innovation disrupts economic structures, leading to growth and obsolescence
  • Dependency Theory: Global economic system perpetuates inequality by exploiting poorer nations
• Land Reform
• Political Reforms
• Social Enterprises