THE REFORMATION AND ITS IMPACT, 1529-40

• What is the term for the religious teaching of the Roman Catholic Church?

  Doctrines
• What book did Henry VIII write in 1521 to express his strong support for the Catholic Church?

  The Defence of the Seven Sacraments
• What title was Henry granted by the Pope as a reward for publishing this book?

  Defender of the Faith
• Who was the leading thinker of Protestantism?

  Martin Luther
• Why did Henry’s desire for a male heir lead him to attack the Catholic Church?

  Pope Clement VII wouldn’t grant him an annulment to his marriage with Catherine of Aragon
• Name three significant Protestants who were very close to Henry VIII.

  Anne Boleyn, Thomas Cromwell, Thomas Cranmer
• Who wrote a book arguing that God had always intended the Church to be ruled by kings rather than the Pope?


  William Tyndale (‘Obedience of the Christian Man’)
• What is the term for opposition to the clergy (priests)?

  Anti-Clericalism
• What effect did the Act of Succession in 1534 have on Princess Mary, Catherine’s daughter?

  It declared her illegitimate and removed her from the line of succession
• What new law in 1534 gave Henry the title of Supreme Head of the Church in England?

  Act of Supremacy
• What was the name of the girl who in 1525 claimed she had had a vision of the Virgin Mary?

  Elizabeth Barton
• What did she warn Henry to his face would happen if he married Anne Boleyn?

  He would die a villain’s death within a month
• What happened to her in 1533 and 1534?

  Arrested taken to the tower of London interrogated publicly humiliated executed
• What was the name of the scholarly Bishop of Rochester (from 1504)?

  John Fisher
• Why did he oppose Henry’s attempts to break with the Catholic Church?

  He believed the Pope’s powers were given by God and couldn’t just be claimed by Henry
• What did he refuse to swear in 1534?

  The Oath of Succession
• When were he and Sir Thomas More executed?

  June and July 1535
• Why was More so opposed to Protestantism?

  He believed it threatened the souls of the English people
• What reason did More give in public for resigning as Henry’s Lord Chancellor in 1532?

  He was ill (his real reason was that he opposed the annulment and break with Rome)
• Why did More refuse for so long to say why he was opposed to the Oath of Succession?

  If he denied Henry was Supreme Head of the Church, he knew he would be committing treason
• What was the name of the priest burnt at the stake in 1533 for denying transubstantiation?

  John Frith
• Name two important Catholics who tried to influence Henry’s religious policies.

  Stephen Gardiner (Bishop of Winchester) and Thomas Howard (Duke of Norfolk)
• What did the Act of Ten Articles in 1536 state?

  People should only believe in three of the seven sacraments (baptism, the Eucharist, penance)
• When did Cromwell issue the first set of Royal Injunctions?

  August 1536
• Which book was the second big attempt to outline the Church’s beliefs (after the Ten Articles)?

  The Bishops’ Book (July 1537)
• What did the second set of Royal Injunctions declare in September 1538?

  English translation of the Bible to be placed in all churches;

  religious images, statues and relics to be removed from all churches;

  pilgrimages to be actively discouraged
• Which leading priest helped write the Bishops’ Book and the Ten Articles?

  Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury
• Which priest did Henry burn at the stake in 1538 to show his return to more Catholic doctrine?

  John Lambert (for denying transubstantiation)
• What did Henry publish in 1539 as a clear restatement of Catholic doctrine?

  The Six Articles
• In what year was Henry’s ‘Great Bible’ (the first English translation of the Bible) published?

  1539
• How many monks and nuns were there in England at the start of the 1530s?

  About 8,000 monks and 2,000 nuns
• How much of all the lands in England did the monasteries collectively own?

  About one-third
• Why else were monasteries so important in Tudor England?

  Offered food and help to the poor;

  acted as hospitals for the sick;

  provided shelter for travellers;

  prayed for the souls of the dead;

  gave education to the children of the wealthy
• How many men carried out Cromwell’s ‘visitations’ of the monasteries in 1535?

  6
• What was the name of the book which listed the findings of the visitations?

  Compendium Compertorum
• How many monasteries were the commissioners Layton and Legh said to have carried out?

  120 monasteries in only 70 days (showing the inspections were not that thorough)
• Why did Protestants disapprove of monasteries?

  They thought you should pray for your own soul yourself, not get monks to pray for you
• How many monks refused to swear the Oath of Succession and were executed as a result?

  18
• What was the name of the survey Henry commissioned into the wealth of the monasteries?

  Valor Ecclesiasticus
• How much total income did this commission reveal the monasteries to possess?

  £160,000 a year