abdomen

• level G

  A) transverse colon

  B) small bowel

  C) descending colon

  D) kidney

  E) aorta

  F) inferior vena cava

  G) ascending colon

  
• level H

  A) small bowel

  B) common iliac artery

  C) small bowel

  D) descending colon

  E) psoas muscle

  F) ureter

  G) common iliac veins

  H) ilium

  I) ascending colon

  
• level F

  A) hepatic flexure

  B) pancreas

  C) transverse colon

  D) descending colon

  E) spleen

  F) kidney

  G) aorta

  H) renal vein

  I) inferior vena cava

  J) duodenum

  K) liver

  
• level E

  A) galbladder

  B) duodenum

  C) stomach

  D) small bowel

  E) transverse colon

  F) ascending colon

  G) spleen

  H) small bowel

  I) adrenal gland

  J) aorta

  K) adrenal gland

  L) inferior vena cava

  M) liver

  N) portal vein

  O) pancreas

  
• level D

  A) galbladder

  B) hepatic artery

  C) transverse colon

  D) descending colon

  E) pancreas

  F) spleen

  G) aorta

  H) inferior vena cava

  I) liver

  J) portal vein

  
• level C

  A) portal vein

  B) stomach

  C) splenic flexure

  D) spleen

  E) aorta

  F) inferior vena cava

  G) liver

  
• level B

  A) liver

  B) stomach

  C) spleen

  D) lung

  E) aorta

  F) inferior vena cava

  
• Level A

  A) hepatic vein

  B) liver

  C) xiphoid process

  D) esophagus

  E) apex of the heart

  F) stomach

  G) diaphragm

  H) lung

  I) aorta

  J) inferior vena cava

  
• Anterior Posterior Projection (Supine KUB)


  IR Size: 14x17 LW grid or bucky

  patient position: supine, expiration

  central ray: perpendicular to the IR entering at MSP and at the level of the iliac crest

  SID: 40"

  Technique: kVp 77 mAs 20

  Structures shown: pubic symphysis, liver, psoas muscles, sacrum, iliac crests, coccyx
• Anterior Posterior Projection (Upright)


  IR Size: 14x17 LW grid or bucky

  patient position: upright, seated or standing, back to the bucky

  central ray: perpendicular to the IR entering at MSP and 2" superior to the iliac crest

  SID: 40"

  Technique: kVp 77 mAs 32-50

  Structures shown: diaphragm, air fluid levels, most of the abdominal organs
• anterior posterior projection (left lateral decubitus)

  IR Size: 14x17 LW grid or bucky

  patient position: patient is in a left lateral decubitus position on a decubitus sponge. Patients arms above the level of the diaphragm and flex the knees slightly

  Central ray: horizontal and perpendicular to the IR entering MSP and 2" superior to the iliac crest

  SID: 40"

  Technique: kVp 77 mAs 32-50

  Structures shown: diaphragm, air fluid levels, most of the abdominal organs
• lateral projection (dorsal decubitus)


  IR Size: 14x17 LW grid or bucky

  patient position: patient is in a dorsal decubitus position on a decubitus sponge with their left or right side against the IR. Patients arms across their chest or above their head

  central ray: horizontal and perpendicular to the IR entering MCP and 2" superior to the iliac crest

  SID: 40"

  Technique: kVp 80 mAs 80

  Structures shown: iliac crests, most of the abdominal organs, spine, diaphragm, air fluid levels
• abdominal organs

  A) liver

  B) right colic (hepatic) flexure

  C) transverse colon

  D) ascending colon

  E) ileocecal valve

  F) cecum

  G) appendix (vermiform)

  H) anus

  I) rectum

  J) sigmoid colon

  K) descending colon

  L) left colic (splenic) flexure

  M) spleen

  
• abdominal organs

  A) liver

  B) galbladder

  C) pancreas

  D) spleen

  
• abdominopelvic cavity

  A) mesentery (double fold)

  B) small bowel

  C) peritoneal cavity

  D) partial peritoneum

  E) visceral peritoneum

  F) left kidney

  G) aorta

  H) inferior vena cava

  I) right kidney

  
• body cavities

  A) pleural cavity

  B) pericardial cavity

  C) abdominal cavity

  D) pelvic cavity

  E) abdominopelvic cavity

  F) thoracic cavity

  
• retroperitoneal

  A) right adrenal gland

  B) right kidney

  C) pancreas

  D) duodenum

  E) ascending colon

  F) inferior vena cava

  G) aorta

  H) descending colon

  I) ureter

  J) bladder

  K) lower rectum

  
• quadrants

  A) right upper quadrant

  B) left upper quadrant

  C) right lower quadrant

  D) left lower quadrant

  
• regions

  A) right hypochondrium

  B) right lateral

  C) right inguinal

  D) epigastrium

  E) umbillical

  F) hypogastrium

  G) left hypochondrium

  H) left lateral

  I) left inguinal

  
• planes

  A) right lateral plane

  B) left lateral plane

  C) transpyloric plane

  D) transtubercular plane

  
• topographic landmarks

  A) xiphoid process

  B) inferior rib margin

  C) iliac crest

  D) anterior superior iliac spine

  E) greater trochanter

  F) pubic symphysis

  G) ischial tuberosity

  
• topographic landmarks

  A) xiphoid process

  B) inferior rib margin

  C) iliac crest

  D) anterior superior iliac spine

  E) greater trochanter

  F) pubic symphysis

  G) ischial tuberosity

  
• what is the peritoneum


  a large double walled membrane
• what is the visceral peritoneum


  the membrane that is in contact with the abdominal organs
• what is the parietal peritoneum


  the membrane that is in contact with the abdominal wall
• what is the peritoneal cavity


  the space between the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum
• what is included in the intraperitoneal organs


  starts at the diaphragm and ends at the superior aspect of the bony pelvis
• what is included in the infraperitoneal organs

  within the bony pelvis

  sigmoid

  rectum

  bladder

  reproductive organs
• what is the retroperitoneum


  posterior to the peritoneum
• what are the 4 quadrants defined by


  defined by MSP and a horizontal plane that intersects at the umbilicus
• what is the xiphoid process consistent with

  Thoracic vertebrae 9 and Thoracic vertebrae 10
• what is the inferior rib margin consistent with

  lumbar vertebrae 2 and lumbar vertebrae 3
• what is the iliac crest consistent with

  lumbar vertebrae 4 and lumbar vertebrae 5
• what is the anterior superior iliac spine consistent with

  the sacroiliac joints
• what is the greater trochanter consistent with

  the superior symphysis
• is the pubic symphysis palpable?


  yes
• what is the ischial tuberosity consistent with

  1/2 inch inferior to the pubic symphysis
• is the ischial tuberosity palpable?

  yes
• what is the patient prep for abdominal xrays


  have the patient take off everything but their underwear and wear a gown

  ask about any piercings

  the patient can keep their shoes and socks on
• radiation protection for abdominal xrays


  shield male gonads outside of the light field

  shield breast tissue