GENES, ENVIRONMENT, AND DEVELOPMENT

• in vitro fertilization (IVF)


  Assisted Productive Technology wherein woman's ova are surgically removed, fertilized in a lab dish, and implanted in the woman's uterus
• artificial insemination


  Assisted Productive Technology wherein sperm is injected into the woman's vagina, cervix, or uterus
• cryopreservation


  Assisted Productive Technology that involves freezing eggs to extend years of fertility
• adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)


  What are the bases of DNA in order?
• Chromosomes


  coils of DNA that consist of smaller segments or genes → functional units of heredity
• Human Genome


  refers to complete sequence of genes in the human body
• DNA


  this process allows the DNA to replicate itself so that each newly formed cell has the same DNA structure as all the others
• SRY gene


  gene for maleness
• Dominant Inheritance


  pattern of inheritance wherein gene is always expressed so long as there is at least one dominant gene present—either from mother or father
• Recessive Inheritance


  Pattern of Inheritance wherein the person MUST HAVE TWO RECESSIVE ALLELES in order for the trait to be expressed
• polygenic inheritance


  interaction of several genes

  -a large number of genes work in concert to determine one's intellectual potential
• Natural Selection


  This refers to the idea that nature favors those who have genes that allow them to adapt to their environment
• Chromosomes


  This refers to the thread like bodies in the nucleus of the cell that are made up of genes
• Mitosis


  During this process, cell divides to produce two IDENTICAL daughter cells each with 46 chromosomes

  -It is responsible for GROWTH and Repair of Cell Damage

  -it begins at CONCEPTION and continues throughout the life span
• Meiosis


  -This process begins during puberty and continues throughout adolescence and adulthood

  -It produces FOUR sperms in males each with 23 chromosomes

  -It produces ONE ovum in females each with 23 chromosomes
• Alpha Thalassemia (chromosome 16)


  -severe anemia that reduces ability of the blood to carry oxygen

  -nearly all affected infants are stillborn or die soon after birth
• Beta thalassemia (Cooley's anemia) (Chromosome 11)


  -severe anemia resulting in weakness, fatigue, and frequent illness

  -FATAL in ADO and YOUNG ADULTHOOD
• Cystic Fibrosis (Chromosome 7)


  -GRANDULAR PROBLEM results in MUCUS BUILDUP in lungs that makes it difficult to breath

  -SHORTENS lifespan

  -common among CAUCASIANS

  -may not appear until age 4

  
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy (X sex chromosome)


  -marked by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and minor intellectual disability, respiratory failure and death

  -usually found in MALES and occur in YOUNG ADULTHOOD

  
• Hemophilia (X sex chromosome)


  -excessive bleeding

  -more common in MALES

  -in its most severe form, can lead to crippling arthritis in adulthood

  
• Anencephaly


  -is a neural tube defects where characterized by ABSENCE OF BRAIN TISSUES

  -infants are stillborn or die soon after birth

  
• Spina Bifida


  -a neural tube defects involves INCOMPLETE CLOSED SPINAL CANAL that results in muscle weakness or paralysis, and loss of bladder and bowel control

  -often accompanied by hydrocephalus

  -TREATMENT: surgery to close spinal canal

  
• Phenylketonuria (PKU)


  -Neural tube defect where there is a lack of enzymes to metabolize phenylalanine in milk

  -metabolic disorder resulting in intellectual disability

  -TREATMENT: Special diet can prevent mental retardation
• Polycystic kidney disease


  -Neural tube defects that causes many fluid-filled cysts to grow in your kidneys

  -Infantile Form: enlarged kidneys, leading to respiratory problems and congestive heart failure

  -Adult Form: kidney pain, kidney stones, and hypertension resulting in chronic kidney failure
• Sickle Cell Disease


  -some red blood cells are shaped like crescent moons

  -deformed red blood cells that clog blood vessels, depriving the body of oxygen

  -symptoms: severe pain, stunted growth, infections, leg ulcers, gallstones, pneumonia, and stroke
• Tach's Disease/Tay sach's


  -Neural Tube defects involving degenerative disease of the brain and nerve cells

  -caused by the absence of an enzyme that helps break down fatty substances

  -resulting in death before age 5
• Incomplete Dominance


  pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait
• XYY


  -chromosomal abnormality: male; tall stature; tendency toward low IQ, especially verbal

  -have 47 chromosomes

  
• XXX (triple X)


  -female; normal appearance, menstrual irregularities, learning disorders, intellectual disability
• Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)


  -a genetic condition affecting males, and it often isn't diagnosed until adulthood.

  -male; sterility, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, small testes, learning disorders

  
• Turner Syndrome (XO)


  female; short stature, webbed neck, impaired spatial abilities, no menstruation, infertility, underdeveloped sex organs

  
• Fragile X Syndrome (Martin-Bell Syndrome)


  -MOST COMMON inherited form of INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

  -affects people with autism

  -NOT diagnosable until AGE 3

  -more severe in males; delayed speech and motor development, hyperactivity

  
• Down Syndrome (TRISOMY 21)


  -most common chromosomal abnormality

  -Children have eyelid fold, short and stubby limbs, thick tounge

  
• reaction range


  -range of potential expressions of a hereditary trait
• Cannalization


  tendency for development of a specific genotype to follow the same trajectory under different conditions (different environments or different genetic backgrounds)
• -motor development: crawl-walk-run

  -Eye color

  -

  What are the highly cannalized traits?
• -personality, intelligence, reading


  Traits that is not cannalized
• fertile window


  a time during which conception is possible
• false, development starts in CONCEPTION


  True or false? development starts when baby starts to form in the mother's womb.
• Dizygotic Twin (Fraternal)


  -two seperate eggs fertalized by two different sperms

  -NOT same DNA

  -happens when multiple female eggs are released