Chapter 1

• Tourist:

  • Person who travels out of their usual environment for leisure or personal reasons
  • Trip may take a day or several days
  • Can travel either within their country ( Domestic tourist ) or to another country ( International tourist )
• Tourist system:

  • contains tourist generating region, transit route and tourist destinating region
  • Tourist generating region: Where tourist come from and where businesses providing tourism products are based
  • Transit route: Where tourist pass through to reach destination region, include stopover points used for its convenience or existing attractions
  • Tour destinating region: Where facilities that attract tourist are located; experiences consequences of tourism development
• Availability of transit routes on tourism:

  • Volume of travel increases when there are more transit route available
  • Direction of transport routes may increase when there is more convenient transport routes available

  Examples:

  • Lack of direct flights cause there to be less tourist travelling from Singapore to Brazil
  • Some find 8 hour flights too tiring and will choose to have shorter flights to a transit route before continuing their journey
• Push factors:

  • Causes tourist to want to leave tourist generating region
  • May include stressful work environments, unpleasant living environments and lack of recreational and entertainment options
• Pulls factors:

  • Qualities that attract tourist to tourist destinating regions
  • May include places of scenic beauty, special events such as concerts and attractions that provide tourist with positive experiences
• Interdependency between tourist, businesses and organizations:

  • Tourist requires tour operators in destinating regions to plan their trips
  • Tour operators depends on hotels in destinating regions to plan accommodation for tourist
  • Hotel depends on tour operators to direct tourist to them to earn profits
• Tourist interaction with environment (nature and community):

  • When they visit nature parks, they may leave behind litter that damages the environment
  • Tourism contributes 8% to the world's greenhouse gas emissions
  • When tourist pay locals to teach them skills such as pottery, they can contribute to local economy and preserve local traditions
• Tourism and the economy:

  • Tourism contributes 4 trillion to global economy
  • Events in tourist generating regions may affect desire to travel

  Example:

  • Economic downturn, less motivation to travel, less income at destination and transit routes, less environmental damage
  • New attraction opens, more motivation, more income
• Need for relaxation:

  • Stressful work environment causes tourist to want to travel to rest and rejuvenate, seeking nature as a way to relax
  • Recreational activities to attractions like theme parks allows tourist to escape their worries|

  Examples:

  • Survey found that British tourist visit Thailand for scenic beaches
  • Universal Studios Singapore attracts many tourist to visit
• Need to achieve personal growth:

  • Tourist may travel to learn a new skill/knowledge
  • Some participate in challenging activities to stretch themselves physically and mentally

  Examples:

  • Tourist travel to cooking schools in Bali, Indonesia to learn to cook
  • Tourist take part in activities like climbing Mount Everest
• Need for unique travel experiences:

  • Tourist wants to explore new environments and seek places that are less travelled to
  • Tourist part take in uncommon activities such as climbing a volcano
  • Improved transportation allows for these places to be more accessible

  Example: More people are travelling to Antarctica to satisfy their curiosity on the world's last uninhabited regions
• Motivations can be mixed:

  • Tourist often motivated to travel to fulfill a mix of needs
  • This causes tourist to part take in different activity in 1 destination

  Examples:

  • Scuba diving in Bali fulfills the need for relaxation and self fulfillment
  • Whale watching can be a way to relax but could also be a way to experience a unique experience
• Increase in disposable income:

  • Economy developed rapidly after WWII in N America, Western Europe and Japan
  • Countries such as China and India have rapidly developing economy that led to higher demand for tourism due to people having increased disposable income

  Example:

  • China's growth in GDP led to there being a quadruple growth in tourism from 9 million departures to 154 million departures
• Increase in leisure time:

  • Government and companies began providing more rest days since 1950s
  • More paid leave = increased ability to finance their travel

  Examples:

  In 2015, Chinese government encouraged businesses to have half day paid leaves on Fridays during summer months to increase domestic tourism
• Business innovations:

  • Provides value for money travel experiences making travel more affordable and thus increasing demand

  Examples:

  • Introduction of tour packages during industrial revolution allowed tourism to be brought to the British public, increasing demand for tourism.
  • Websites like Expedia and Trivago allows tourist to compare prices and make bookings of trips directly. It also provides promotional offers
• Lower transport costs:

  • Air transport became significantly cheaper
  • Budget airlines offer lower prices by using fuel efficient planes

  Example:

  • AirAsia is a popular budget airline in Asian countries
• Lower accommodation cost:

  • Business innovations like AirBnB made it possible for home owners to rent their houses out to tourist
  • Help to provide accommodation at various price ranges that appeal to tourists, allowing travelling to be more affordable
• Expansion of public transport services and infrastructure:

  • Development of public transport increases connectivity to different parts of the country
  • Increasing the number of public buses and trains allows for greater convenience of travel

  Examples:

  • Opening of Changi Airport Terminal 4 allows more planes from Asia to go to Singapore
  • Downtown line connects tourist destinations together and has clear maps and signages to help tourist navigate
• Introduction of new modes of travel:

  • Development of transport technology made transport faster and further

  Examples:

  • Development of the bullet train reduced travel time from Tokyo to Osaka from 6 hours to 3
  • Development of aircraft reduced the two to four days of travel from SG to London to 14 hours
• Increase in car ownership:

  • Allows for more freedom to travel at ones own pace
  • Boosted domestic tourism

  Examples:

  • In 1950 US, car ownership increased significantly and caused rapid expansion in hotel businesses
  • Increase in car ownership in India caused Srinager City to experience an influx of tourist
• Exploration stage:

  • Small number of adventurous tourist that visit irregularly
  • Tourism makes minimal contributions to local economy
  • Destination has natural attractions such as senic views, cultural attractions such as landmarks of historical value and lack of facilities

  Example: Jaco Island in Timor Leste:

  • Few international visitors due to inaccessibility and lack of facilities
  • Only has a national park and attractive beaches
• Involvement stage:

  • Increased arrivals due to publicity, arrivals vary during peak and non peak seasions
  • Tourism contribution to economy grows
  • Desination has rise in facilities that cater to tourist provided by locals, amenities requested by locals built by local authorities

  Example: Kuang SI waterfalls, Laos

  • Authorities invested money to improve facilities
  • More travel agencies + transport = more tourist
• Development stage:

  • Tourist arrivals increase rapidly
  • Tourism employs significant amt of people and contributes significantly to economy
  • Attractions being built by large businesses and increases rapidly, more larg ena dmedium businesses in retal and leasure, heavy advertisment for place as tourist destination
• Consolidation stage:

  • Annual tourist number > local population
  • Growth in annual tourist arrive starts to slow
  • Tourism domiates economy and employs significant no. of workers
  • Slowing down in attractions being built
  • Majority tourist facilities owned by large companies to support large numbers of tourist
• Stagnation stage:

  • Tourism peaked and begins to decline as detination reached carrying capacity
  • Tourism arrive > what destination can accommodate
  • Contributions to economy start to stagnate
  • Destination no longer attractive, facilities become old and run down
  • Tourist feel location has no other thing to offer
• Decline stage:

  • Tourist arrival decline significantly due to lack of revival
  • Contributions to economy decline significantly
  • Local businesses affected and may close, less money available to maintain and improve facilities causing them to deteriorate more
  • Fewer tourist come due to bad facilities
  • May not occur for all destinations
• Rejuvenation stage:

  • Destination becomes more attractive due to new investments to develop facilities and attractions or rebranding of destination
  • Contributions to economy increases again
  • Funding provided to redevelop area to make it more attractive and advertisment used to revanp destination
• Dependables (predictable):

  • Cautious of spending money
  • Guided by authority figures and follows travel trends
  • Prefer structure and routine, travel in groups and isit popular and familiar destinations for convenience
  • More likely to return to same place
  • Prefer mass tourism for predictability and routine
• Venturers:

  • Spends money readily
  • Guided by personal judgement in making travel decisions
  • Prefers to be spontaneous and travels alone
  • Explores less developed and unique places to participate in new experiences and activities
  • More likely to visit new places
  • Prefer to make their own travel plans and opt for niche tourism
• How personality influence travel patterns:

  • Determines travel preferances and patterns such as choice of destination and activities
  • Features of destination only attracts specific personalities
  • Activities in certain areas only cater to certain personalities

  Example: Mongolia

  • Just starting to develop, attracts mostly venturers who visit grasslands with less convenient tourist facilities
  • Dependables may visit urban attractions in cities
• How personality influence development:

  • Destination may evolve from attracting venturers to dependables due to building of more amenities

  Example: Costa Rica

  • Used to attract venturers but lost appeal once more dependables came
  • To remain profitable, they started protecting natural environments and promoting adventurous tourist activities by planning for development and advertisment
  • Shows destination may start off as venturer before turning to dependables