Chap 3 -4

• Differentiated Models


  Looking into a human being through examining its parts for it is divisible or can be broken into components
• Sigmund Freud


  An Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis
• Parts of the psyche (according to Freud)

  • Id
  • Ego
  • Superego
• Id


  • Exists since birth, pertaining to instinct
  • Serves as a storeroom of wishes and obsessions related to sexual and aggressive desires
  • Operates on the hedonistic or pleasure principle - seeking pleasure and avoiding pain
  • Driven by the so called libido (sexual energy)
  • If dominant, an egoistic, boorish, and barbaric brute emerges
• Ego


  • Operates according to the reality principle
  • Maintains equilibrium between the demands of id and superego in accordance with what is best and practical in reality
  • Developed by the individual's personal experiences and adheres to principles of reason and logic
  • If successful, turns out a brilliant, creative and emotionally balanced individual
• Superego


  • Operates according to the morality principle
  • Ensures compliance with the norms, values and standards imposed by society
  • Developed by means of socialization in various agents like home, school, church and others
  • Has two systems: the conscience and the ideal self
  • If dominant, a law-abiding, morally upright, god-fearing and socially acceptable individual appears
• Carl Jung


  A Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology
• Parts of the psyche (according to Jung)

  • Ego
  • Personal unconscious
  • Collective unconscious
• Ego


  • Center of consciousness
  • Person's sense of identity and existence
  • Organizes thoughts, feelings, senses, and intuition
• Personal unconscious


  • All information stored in a person's mind that are readily accessible to consciously recall
• Collective unconscious


  • The unconscious mind shared by all human beings such as instincts and archetypes
• Albert Bandura


  A Canadian-American psychologist
• Agentic Theory of the Self

  Part of Bandura's social cognitive theory
• Bandura's theory rejects the notion that the selfhood is culturally influenced or controlled by urges, rather, it looks upon every human being as capable of thinking, deciding, foreseeing, and controlling his or her actions, free to decide for himself or herself
• Core properties of human agency (Bandura)


  • Intentionality
  • Forethought
  • Self-reactiveness
  • Self-reflection
• Intentionality


  Manifested in how an individual forms intentions with action plans and strategies to realize them
• Forethought


  Refers to how an individual positions his or her plans in the future
• Self-reactiveness


  Shows that agents are not only planners and fore-thinkers but also self-regulators. The goals that the person wants to reach should be clear and specific
• Self-reflection


  Signifies that people are capable of self-examining their own functioning
• Individualism


  An orientation concerned with the independence and self-reliance of the individual
• Collectivism


  An orientation characterized by belongingness to larger groups or collectives
• Characteristics of individualistic cultures


  • Puts more emphasis on promoting the individual and the immediate family's welfare
• Characteristics of collectivistic cultures


  • Gives more importance to loyalty to the in-group, which in turn takes care of the individual's welfare
• Western conception of the self


  Individualistic - An independent self that is free from the influence of culture and environment and from the expectations and welfare of society
• Eastern conception of the self


  Collectivistic - Prioritizes the needs and goals of society over the needs and desires of every individual
• Countries with generally individualistic cultures


  • New Zealand, Germany, Austria, Greece, Poland, Italy, Belgium, Ireland, Spain and Finland
• Countries with generally collectivistic cultures


  • Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Indonesia, Philippines, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Portugal
• Buddhism


  There is no such thing as the ATMAN (self)<|>The ATMAN is impossible to perceive by one's senses for it does not actually exist in any metaphysical, material and spiritual level<|>Humans have no real knowledge of a self or a clear proof of claiming that there is a self<|>Everything is just an illusion, a flux of momentary perceptions, thoughts and feelings<|>A human being is a product of 5 changing processes: Physical Body, Feelings, Perceptions, Responses, and The Flow of Consciousness<|>The "I", "Me" and "Myself" which are process of identification are believed to be hidden from awareness<|>The ANATTA (no-self) is not a denial of existence, but a conviction that no words can define the essence of this present moment of existence
• Confucianism


  Regards an individual as a member of a larger whole, not as a separate being<|>Individual identity is defined by membership in the reference group to which one belongs (The Relational Self)<|>The Subdued Self is the condition to respond to perceptions, not of its own needs and aspirations but of social requirements and obligations<|>Ren is a Confucian virtue characterized altruistic behavior that must be nurtured in every person
• Taoism


  Emphasizes living with harmony with TAO (way or path)<|>Tao is the life force that surrounds and flows through all living and non-living things, and that balances, orders, unifies and connects them<|>Knowledge of the universe or nature can be attained by studying the self because Taoists regard the human body as the miniature of the universe, as an extension of the cosmos
• Hinduism


  The ATMAN, which is referred to as the self, spirit, or soul, is the same self described in the creation story<|>The ATMAN is one with the BRAHMAN which means the absolute, transcendental power<|>By being identified with the BRAHMAN, the ATMAN indicates a true self which underlies one's existence
• William James


  American philosopher and psychologist
• Me and I


  Two categories of an individual's perception of the self
• Thinking subject


  • Conscious of environment and own existence
• I


  Continuous stream of consciousness internal to an individual, responsible for thinking and making awareness and self-awareness possible
• Me


  When an individual makes himself or herself the object of his or her own thinking
• Categories of self (according to James)


  • Self-feelings
  • Constituents of the self
  • Self-seeking
• Material self


  One's body, clothes, family, home and other material possessions that he or she values and regards as his or her own
• Social self


  The image of an individual in the eyes of the people around him or her which determines his or her reputation in society
• Spiritual self


  One's thoughts, beliefs and feelings