Genetics

• • Each person has both a Phenotype and a Genotype
• Genotype


  The different versions of a gene (alleles) that you have. The genetic makeup.
• Example of genotype

  Bb
• Phenotype


  The physical expression of your genes/ genotype.
• Example of Phenotype


  Brown hair
• Blue and Brown eyes:

  
• Brown eye colour (dominant):

  B
• Blue eye colour (recessive):


  b
• Genetic variation:

  Differences in the alleles and allele combinations that an individual inherits.
• Physical variation:


  Differences in physical (often observable) traits.
• • The genotype is not the only thing that can impact the way that we look. The environment can also impact phenotype.
• An example of environment impacting phenotype


  For example, hydrangeas with the same genotype will produce different colour flowers, depending on the acidity of the soil they are grown in.
• Heritable variation


  Heritable variation can be passed down from a parent to offspring. It is determined by genes. For example eye colour.
• Non-heritable variation


  Non-heritable variation can not be passed down from a parent to offspring. It is acquired as a result of environment. For example scars or piercings.
• Discontinuous variation

  Discontinuous variation is when the differences can be "grouped". For example rolling tongue, ear lobes.
• Continuous variation


  Continuous variation is when the differences are on a broad spectrum. For example height, weight, skin colour.
• What is DNA


  DNA is the chemical which makes up all genetic information. It is a stringy substance.
• What is the structure of DNA

  DNA is made up of two individual strands, which are attached together. The backbone of DNA is made up of repeating units of phosphate and a sugar.

  • The two strands of DNA are complementary
• Why is the backbone of DNA so significant

  The order of the bases in DNA is what creates different alleles and genes which therefore influence our different appearances.
• What is the function of DNA

  To hold all of your genetic information.
• Where is the genetic codes and what is it

  A copy of your genetic code is found within every cell in your body.

  Your genetic code contains instructions to produce your specific traits.
• What is the relationship between DNA, Nucleotides, and Genes

  A long sequence of DNA (made up of many repeating nucleotides) produces a gene. 
• Adenine (A)


  Pairs with Thymine (T)
• Thymine (T)


  Pairs with Adenine (A)
• Cytosine (C)


  Pairs with Guanine (G)
• Guanine (G)


  Pairs with Cytosine (C)
• Construct the complementary sequence

  1. Write down the given DNA sequence

  2. Pair each base with its complement

  3. Construct the complementary sequence
• Make a complementary sequence for: GTT CAT CAC GGG

  CAA GTA GTG CCC
• Where is DNA found?

  In the nucleus of a cell.
• What is the structure of DNA

  Each molecule of DNA is a double helix formed from two complementary strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds. The two major features of a DNA strand are its rungs and its backbone.
• What does the rungs do

  The DNA rungs make up the genetic code

  The DNA backbones provides strength
• What is a nucleotide made of

  Pentagon- Deoxyribose sugar

  Circle- Phosphate

  Rectangle- 1 of 4 different bases
• Genes


  The special sequences of DNA that carry genetic information are called genes. Genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for building proteins or, in some cases, functional RNA molecules. These proteins and RNA molecules are crucial for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's cells, tissues, and organs.
• • DNA carries the genetic code written in the sequence of its bases (also known as nucleotides). The four bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
• Cell


  The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells are often called the "building blocks of life." They contain the necessary components to carry out life processes. There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic (without a nucleus, such as bacteria) and eukaryotic (with a nucleus, such as plant and animal cells).
• Nucleus


  A membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls many activities of the cell by regulating gene expression. The nucleus is often referred to as the cell's "control center."
• Genome


  The complete set of genetic material (DNA) in an organism. It includes all of the genes as well as non-coding sequences of DNA. The genome contains the instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of the organism.
• Chromosome

  A long, thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins called histones. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Humans have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs. Chromosomes carry genes, which are the units of heredity.
• Gene


  A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific protein or set of proteins. Genes are the functional units of heredity. They determine the traits and characteristics of an organism by regulating the synthesis of proteins.
• DNA


  The molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA is composed of two strands that coil around each other to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of nucleotides, which include a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine).