Module 12

• JUSTICE


  means giving each person what he or she deserves or, in more traditional terms, giving each person his or her due.
• JUSTICE


  usually has been used with reference to a standard of rightness,
• FAIRNESS


  often has been used with regard to an ability to judge without reference to one's feelings or interests;
• FAIRNESS


  refer to the ability to make judgments that are not overly general but that are

  concrete and specific to a particular case.
• Aristotle


  "equals should be treated equally and unequal unequally."
• contemporary form,


  "Individuals should be treated the same, unless they differ in ways that are

  relevant to the situation in which they are involved."
• Different Kinds of Justice

  DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE

  RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE

  COMPENSATORY JUSTICE
• DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE


  refers to the extent to which society's institutions ensure that benefits and burdens are distributed among society's members in ways that are fair and just
• RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE


  refers to the extent to which punishments are fair and just.
• COMPENSATORY JUSTICE


  Refers to the extent to which people are fairly compensated for their injuries by

  those who have injured them; just compensation is proportional to the loss

  inflicted on a person.
• JOHN RAWLS


  has pointed out, the stability of a society-or any group, for that matter-depends upon the extent to which the members of that 'society feel that they are being treated justly.
• Immanuel Kant and others


  have pointed out, human beings are all equal in this respect: they all have the

  same dignity, and in virtue of this dignity they deserve to be treated as equals.
• JUSTICE,


  is a central part of ethics and should be given due consideration in our moral

  lives.
• JUSTICE


  is an expression of our mutual recognition of each other's basic dignity, and an acknowledgment that if we are to live together in an interdependent community we must treat each other as equals.
• Distributive justice


  is concerned with the fair allocation of resources among diverse members of a community.
• distributive Justice major tenets

  are equality, proportionality and fairness.
• Egalitarianism


  is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals from birth, usually meaning held equal under the law and in society at large.
• Types of Egalitarian

  Economic Egalitarianism

  Moral Egalitarianism

  Legal Egalitarianism

  Political Egalitarianism

  Luck Egalitarianism

  Gender Egalitarianism (or Zygarchy)

  Racial Egalitarianism (or Racial Equality)

  Opportunity Egalitarianism (or Asset-based Egalitarianism)

  Christian Egalitarianism
• Economic Egalitarianism (or Material

  Egalitarianism)


  is where the participants of a society are of equal standing and have equal access to all the economic resources in terms of economic power, wealth and contribution. It is a founding principle of various forms of Socialism.
• Moral Egalitarianism


  is the position that equality is central to justice, that all individuals are entitled to equal respect, and that all human persons are equal in fundamental worth or moral status. road maintenance.
• Legal Egalitarianism


  the principle under which each individual is subject to the same laws, with no individual or group or class having special legal privileges, and where the testimony of all persons is counted with the same weight.
• Political Egalitarianism


  is where the members of a society are of equal standing in terms of political power or influence. It is a founding principle of most forms of democracy.
• Luck Egalitarianism


  is a view about distributive justice (what is just or right with respect to the allocation of goods in a society) espoused by a variety of left-wing political

  philosophers, which seeks to distinguish between outcomes that are the result of brute luck
• Gender Egalitarianism (or Zygarchy)


  is a form of society in which power is equally shared between men and women, or a family structure where power is shared equally by

  both parents.
• Racial Egalitarianism (or Racial Equality)


  is the absence of racial segregation (the separation of different racial groups in daily life, whether mandated by law or through social norms).
• Opportunity Egalitarianism (or Asset-based Egalitarianism)


  is the idea that equality is possible by a redistribution of resources, usually in the form of a capital grant provided at the age of majority, an idea which has been around since Thomas Paine
• Christian Egalitarianism


  holds that all people are equal before God and in Christ, and specifically teaches gender equality in Christian church leadership and in marriage.
• THEORY OF CAPITALISM


  is a system of largely private ownership that is open to new ideas, new firms and new owners-in short, to new capital.
• CAPITALISM


  is also known for its tendency to generate instability, often associated with the existence of financial crises, job insecurity and failures to include the

  disadvantaged. It is also an economic system based on private ownership of

  the means of production and their operation for profit.
• On capitalist justice, its tenet is that everybody should be rewarded equally to

  their productivity, effort or contribution.
• SOCIAL JUSTICE


  is a concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society.
• Functions of the State


  To defend human's basic needs and

  security

  To support human's quest for natural

  well being

  To see the administration of justice on

  fair basis for all

  To help in the education and cultural

  life of the people

  To defend and advance freedom of

  the citizens.
• Responsibilities of Citizens to the State


  Support and defend the Constitution.

  Stay informed of the issues affecting the community.

  Participate in the democratic process.

  Respect and obey state rules, local laws, and ordinances.

  Respect the rights, beliefs, and opinions of others.

  Participate in the various affairs of local community

  Pay income and other taxes honestly, and on time, to the state, and local authorities.

  Serve as reliable witness when called upon.

  Defend the country if the need should arise.
• Principle of Taxation and Inclusive Growth

  Adequacy:

  Broad Basing

  Compatibility:

  Convenience:

  Earmarking:

  Efficiency:

  Equity:

  Neutrality:

  Predictability:

  Restricted exemptions:

  Simplicity:
• Adequacy:


  Taxes should be just-enough to generate revenue required for provision of

  essential public services.
• Broad Basing:


  Taxes should be spread over as wide as possible section of the population, or sectors of economy, to minimize the individual tax burden.
• Compatibility:


  Taxes should be coordinated to ensure tax neutrality and overall objectives of good governance.
• Convenience:


  Taxes should be enforced in a manner that facilitates voluntary compliance to the maximum extent possible.
• Earmarking:


  Tax revenue from a specific source should be dedicated to a specific purpose only when there is a direct cost-and-benefit link between the tax source and the expenditure, such as use of motor fuel tax for road maintenance.
• Efficiency:


  Tax collection efforts should not cost an inordinately high percentage of tax revenues.