Lecture

• Socialization: The process of learning the norms and values of a culture through interactions with others.
• 2 main dimensions of parenting styles: acceptance/responsiveness and demandingness/control
• Parental acceptance/responsiveness dimension: shows affection, enthusiasm, empathy and understanding with their child. They are sensitive to their child's needs and react to them accordingly.
• Parental demandingness/control dimension: Consists of these 3 factors: 1. Clarity and consistency of rules(Clarity linked to higher self-esteem in children) 2. Parental expectations 3. Use of punishment(require explanations in order to mitigate that behavior)
• 2x2 parenting style model

  
• Authoritative parent: High in control and high in warmth. Considered to be the optimal style of parenting. Love from the parent is unconditional on whether rules are being followed or not.
• Authoritarian parent: High in control and low in warmth. Rules/expectations are hardly explain and use of punishment is quite extreme. More likely to bribe a child with love.
• Permissive parent: low in control and high in warmth. Very few rules and acts more like a good friend rather than a parent. Children from these parents have a lot of trouble self-regulating
• Uninvolved parent: Low in warmth and low in control. A parent who is not involved in the child's life.
• Parenting styles are influenced by culture and ecological niche. I.E, raising a kid the same way in different countries can still result in the kid having different outcomes
• A 2006 study measured maternal authoritarianism and how it may predict negative thoughts about their children; they found that it predicts it only in individualistic groups but not collectivist groups; this explains how parenting styles are influenced by both culture and ecological niche
• Toddlers form strong attachments to older siblings and can be safe bases for a child
• Secure relationships with siblings improves social outcomes
• Older siblings often teach new skills to younger children
• Second born children often receive scaffolding from first born children to help them achieve things
• Young adults spend less time with their siblings as they did in their teen years but are recorded to more involved in emotional exchanges, feel more warmth to each other and less conflicts
• Peers are referred to as social equals
• Gender segregation exists in toddler hood but becomes more prominent throughout the school years
• Harlow's monkey test: Monkeys raised just by their mom and not with peers, had negative social interactions with peers later on.
• New friendships formed in your 20s often last for along time