HVIII after Wolsey

• Acts in Restraint of Appeal (1533)


  prevented Catherine from appealing to Rome to oppose the divorce
• Act of Supremacy (1534)


  Ended the Pope's power in Church appointments and gave the crown power to define religious belief
• The Act of Ten Articles (1536)


  rejected 4 of the 7 Catholic sacraments
• Bishops Book (1537)


  reduced the importance of mass and purgatory
• anticlericalism


  a term used to describe the opposition towards the church leading to the reformation
• LOA / INTRO

  • Between 1536 and 1547, England’s religious landscape had changed dramatically, by 1547, all 625 monastic communities had been dissolved and the act of supremacy outlined the monarch as head of the church, not the pope. This made the Church of England administratively protestant. However doctrinally, England can not be defined as protestant; the presence of the 6 articles and belief in transubstantiation were fundamentally catholic practices, and their denial was made punishable by law. 
• Paragraph 1

  • Religious change until 1536 was primarily for the purpose of divorce
  •  parliament passed laws to abolish papal power in England, the Act in Restraint of Appeals & Act of Supremacy,
  • These changes were not doctrinal, but legal. Ordinary people would have experienced minimal change in this period. Doctrinal changes did not begin until 1536
  • This meant there was only 10 years to change the belief of the nation, and the Pilgrimage of Grace showed that catholicism was strong, the rebels outnumbered the kings forced by 5:1
• Paragraph 2

  • Henry's religious changes were inconsistent, 1537 saw the country lean in the protestant direction with the Bishops Book and Act of 10 Articles
  • Meanwhile, there was evidence of traditional practises being upheld, John Lambert executed for denial of transubstantiation
  • He then withdrew support from BB and published the Conservative Kings Book in 1543
  • England could not have been protestant, services were catholic, there were few doctrinal changes and they had all been discarded by 1547
  • Catholicism had been attacked beyond repair, decline in people coming forward for ordination
• Paragraph 3

  • There is no evidence to suggest that England was protestant by 1547, only the minority were in the larger cities. 20% of London and Kent
  • There was significantly less in the countryside, evidence from wills in counties shows that they were still catholic in their wording, making reference to the virgin Mary and putting their trust in salvation through Jesus’ death rather than the protestant belief that they were guaranteed salvation through faith. 
• Henry's foreign policy aims were

  • securing the dynasty with marriage
  • asserting aggression towards the French
  • gaining military Glory.
• • Henry’s initial foreign policy aim regarding Scotland was to create a marriage alliance in order to stop the border raids. 
• • Shortly after the English had defeated the Scots at Solway Moss, James V died, leaving Mary Stuart, a baby, as the new ruler. This significantly weakened scotland, and Henry saw this as an opportunity to both sort out the border issues and expand tudor control by marrying Edward to Mary, throughout the treaty of Greenwich, which the scottish parliament quickly rejected 
• • This angered Henry and he tried to achieve the marriage throughout force, a ‘rough wooing’ policy, the english launched a series of raids between 1544-45
• • The attacks brought the Auld alliance together once again, culminating in the marriage of Mary to the Dauphin; the border raids still continued. Overall a massive failure
• Another one of Henry’s foreign policy aims was to pursue an ambitious and aggressive foreign policy towards the French given that all Kings since Edward III had claimed the title King of France. In 1544, he spent £2 million on war in France and sent 48,000 troops
• Because of this, he was able to gain boulogne the same year, without the help of any allies, which certainly restored England’s status as a military power and led to the treaty of Camp in 1546, which caused france to pay the outstanding pensions.
• Although this may seem a major foreign policy as England held significant french territory , it can be argued that the negatives outweigh the positives. He had spent the equivalent of 10 years income on this war which led to a financial crisis on the domestic front with increased taxation, forced loans and excessive debasement.
• • He was so preoccupied with foreign policy he completely disregarded domestic policy. 
• • Recapture his youth and gain military Glory, and this was the reason for the scottish and french invasions.After the failure of the treaty of Greenwich, Scotland renewed all their treaties with france, reestablishing the Auld alliance
• • This angered Henry, so after his initial victory at Solway Moss, he ordered the Earl of hertford to conduct a purely punitive raid to sack scottish cities, with no intention behind it, this was expensive and disorganised, stripping Henry of any of his prior successes
• • However by besieging Boulogne, he not only expanded territory  but he also got vengeance on Charles V as the plan was for them to both march on Paris. Scotland was a complete failure, however france was a success 
• Henry VIII's foreign policy was largely driven by personal ambition rather than national interest or strategic considerations. His desire for glory and revenge often clouded his judgement and resulted in costly failures like the Scots War. Additionally, his focus on foreign affairs came at the expense of neglecting domestic issues, contributing to economic instability and social unrest.
• In the period 1933-1934, what laws did Parliament pass in order to abolish papal power in England

  • Act in Restraint of appeals
  • Act of Supremacy
• What parliament passed acted outlined the sovereign as head of the church

  Act of Supremacy
• What parliament passed act prevented Catherine from appealing to Rome

  Act in Restraint of appeals
• In the period 1933-1934, changes were purely administrative, there was no change to religious doctrine or belief
• The period 1936 - 39 saw an attack on traditional Catholic practises
• Act of Ten Articles (1536)


  • Rejected four of the seven sacraments of Catholic belief
• What did the Royal injunctions (1536) attack

  Pilgrimages
• What 1937 publication reduced the importance of mass and purgatory

  Bishops Book
• What did the Bishops Book reduce the importance of

  • Mass
  • Purgatory
• What was the first Protestant bible in 1537

  Mathew’s bible
• What did the 1538 Royal injunction do

  • Ordered English bible in parishes
  • discouraged pilgrimages
  • ordered the removal of relics
• When was the Great Bible published

  1538
• What was John Lambert executed for denying

  Transubstantiation
• The Six Articles (1539)

  • confirmed transubstantiation
  • Forbade communion
• Throughout his reign, Henry upheld the belief in the real presence at the Eucharist, and punished those who disagreed
• How did Henry restrict access to the bible in 1543

  Act for the Advancement of the True religion
• What book was published in 1543, a contradiction to his prior religious policy

  Conservative King’s Book
• What was the greatest example of opposition to religious change

  Pilgrimage of Grace