1 : legislations/protocols

• laws that protect endangered species an be very valuable but they rarely protect the species effectively on their own . it can be difficult to enforce a law effectively and it may be broken through ignorance . laws may change over time but the principles ay still be relevant .
• The wildlife and countryside act (1981):

  Is a law in the UK which includes much of the legislation that protect wildlife In the UK . It covers :

  • Protection of wild birds and their nests
  • Designated protection areas such as sites of special interest (SSI)
  • protection of mammal species
  • Uprooting of wild plants ( generally illegal)
  • Bats must not be disturbed and the woodworm treatment used in roofs must not be harmful to bats.
• the legal designation of protected areas can protect habitats and species in several key ways :

  • Protection of species
  • protection of habitats
  • restrictions on activities within the protected area
  • restrictions on activities outside the protected area
  • International cooperation
  • access restrictions
  • management agreements between the land owner and the designating organisation .
• protected areas/site sin the UK :

  • site of special scientific interest (SSSI)
  • national nature reserve (NNR)
  • special area of conservation (SAC)
  • natural 200 sites (SACs and SPAs)
  • ramsar sites
  • local nature reserve(LNR)
  • Marine nature reserve and marine protected areas (MNR and MPA)
• trade controls :

  some species ae caught and killed In one country ut would be sold in another country . it may be difficult to control he collection of the species but if moving them out f the country can be stopped then there would be no point collecting them .
• CITES :

  The main international agreement that regulates the international trade in wildlife is CITES . the convention on international trade in endangered species . selected species are grouped in lists called appendices .
• Appendix 1 : this includes species that are threatened with extinction , so all international trade is banned except movement for conservation breeding programmes .

  For example : all the great apes , rhino's , blue whale and all the big cats .
• Appendix 2 : this includes species that may be threatened with extinction if trade is not closely controlled . trade is permitted from countries where the species is relatively well protected so limited exploitation does not threaten their survival .

  For example : common hipp , great white shark , green iguana and basking shark .
• organisations which aim to achieve sustainable exploitation : a range of international organisations focus on specific wildlife groups that are exploited commercially .
• International whaling comission (IWC) :

  The main aim of the IWC is to regulate and manage whaling . populations of many whalespecies has been unnecessarily depleted .

  they conserve whale stocks through the following :

  • total protection for certain species
  • designation of whale sanctuaries
  • getting limits of number and sizes of whale that can be taken
  • protection of mothers and their calves
• common fisheries policy of the European Union (EU CFP ):

  this is a series of regulations that control fishing within the oceans of the European Union. the aim is to ensure that fishing and aquaculture are environmentally , economically and socially sustainable and that they provide a source of healthy food for humans .
• International tropical timber organisation (ITTO):

  The ITTO aims to encourage sustainable management of tropical forests. in 1990 , ITTO members agreed to thrive for an international trade of tropical timber from sustainably managed forests by 2000 , without unsustainable exploitation . however there was little evidence of success y 2000 and this has continued to be the case .