Polyatomic ions

• Nitrate


  NO3-
• Nitrite


  NO2-
• Carbonate


  -2

  CO3
• Carbonite


  -2

  CO2
• Sulfate


  -2

  SO4
• Sulfite


  -2

  SO3
• Phosphate


  -3

  PO4
• Phosphite


  -3

  PO3
• (Hy)perchlorate


  ClO4-
• Chlorate


  ClO3-
• Chlorite


  ClO2-
• Hypochlorite


  ClO-
• Hydroxide


  OH-
• Acetate


  C2H3O2-

  or

  cH3COO-
• Permanganate


  MnO4-
• Ammonium


  NH4+
• Kilo


  K

  10^3

  1000
• Deci


  d

  10^-1

  0.10
• Centi 


  c

  10^-2

  0.010
• Milli


  m

  10^-3

  0.0010
• Micro


  µ

  10^-6
• Nano 


  n

  10^-9
• K = C + 273
• Sig Figs No Decimal Point

  start from the right (very left of the number) and ignore all zeroes until you hit a number and then count all numbers after that (including 0)

  (ex: 50060 —> 4)
• Sig Figs Decimal Point

  Start at the very left of the number and ignore all zeroes until you hit a number then count all numbers (including 0)

  (ex: 0.0040603 —> 5)
• 1cm^3 = 1mL
• Daltons atomic theory

  1. element is composed of atoms
  2. in ordinary chemical rxns atoms are rearranged
  3. compounds are when two atoms of different elements combine (LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS)
• JJ Thomson


  Cathode ray tube

  discovered electrons

  • negative charge
  • found in the cloud of negative charge of an atom
• Ernest Rutherford


  Gold foil experiment

  α Particles are POSITIVE

  • atom is mostly void space (alpha α particles passed straight through)
  • some α particles were deflected a little bit (something is positive)
  • some α were largely deflected (something is small and dense and negative)
• Nuclear notation

  
• Isotopes


  atoms have the same protons (atomic number) but different neutrons or mass