MY GEOG

• Sustainable development


  Development that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment for future generations
• Modern meaning of development

  The sustained, combined effort of policymakers and the community to promote a standard of living and economic health in a specific area
• Aspects of development


  • Economic
  • Social
  • Environmental
• Economic development


  The adoption of new technologies and the change from an economy based on agriculture to an economy based on industry
• Economic development allows societies and countries to meet the needs of people
• The main idea of economic development is that if the wealth of a country increases, the standard of living and quality of life will improve
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)


  Measured wealth produced within the borders of a country
• Gross National Product (GNP)


  Measured wealth including income from foreign investment
• Measuring economic growth or GDP has limitations
• GDP does not tell you how wealth is shared in a country
• Social development


  Measures the well-being of people in terms of their social needs
• Social needs


  • Access to adequate shelter
  • Services
  • Education
  • Healthcare
• Social development is about making sure that people can live dignified lives
• Social development considers how fair the world is and how resources are shared
• Environmental development


  Development that considers environmental issues such as air pollution, water quality, and global warming
• The concept of sustainable development began in the early 1990s
• Carrying capacity


  The Earth's ability to support a certain population size sustainably
• Ecological footprint


  Measure of our demand for land and water contrasted with what the planet can provide
• In 2007, humanity's total ecological footprint was estimated at 1.5 planet Earths
• Ways of measuring development

  • Birth rate
  • Death rate
  • Population growth rate
  • Gross National Product (GNP)
  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
  • Human Development Index

  
• Birth rate


  The number of babies born in a country per 1,000 people during the year
• Death rate


  The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people in a country
• Population growth rate


  The increase in a country's population during the year expressed as a percentage

  
• Age-sex pyramid


  A graphical illustration showing the distribution of various age groups in a human population
• Human Development Index (HDI)

  Measures development by looking at average years of life, education level, and average income

  
• Categories of Human Development Index

  • High human development index
  • Medium human development index
  • Low human development index

  
• Countries with a high HDI include the USA, Canada, Western Europe, Japan, and Australia
• Countries with a medium HDI include China, Egypt, Tunisia, South Africa, and Botswana
• Countries with a low HDI include countries in central, eastern, and western parts of Africa
• Categories during the Cold War

  • First World
  • Second World
  • Third World
• The 'north-south divide' is more economic than geographical
• Regions in the 'North'


  • Europe
  • Central Asia
  • North America
• Countries and regions in the 'North' have a high HDI, life expectancy, and per capita GNI
• Regions between the 'North' and 'South'

  • East Asia
  • South Asia
  • Pacific
  • Arab States
• Countries and regions in the 'South' are mainly found in sub-Saharan Africa
• Development as a concept emerged in the mid-1940s after World War II
• Reasons for differences in development

  • External factors
  • Internal factors
• The poorer countries of Africa, Asia, South America and the Caribbean exist
• The Western countries promoted development to address the vast inequalities that existed, and still exist, between different countries and people in the world
• Labels for countries


  • Developed countries
  • Developing countries