cells

• Interphase


  The cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division.
• Prophase


  The chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
• Metaphase


  The chromosomes align at the center of the cell, attached to the spindle fibers.
• Anaphase


  The sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
• Telophase


  The nuclear envelope reforms, and the cytoplasm divides.
• Cytokinesis


  The cytoplasm divides, and the cell splits into two daughter cells.
• Interphase (Meiosis)


  The cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division.
• Prophase I


  Homologous chromosomes pair up and cross over (recombination).
• Metaphase I


  The paired chromosomes align at the center of the cell.
• Anaphase I


  The homologous pairs separate, moving to opposite poles.
• Telophase I


  The nuclear envelope reforms, and the cytoplasm divides.
• Cytokinesis (Meiosis I)


  The cytoplasm divides, and the cell splits into two daughter cells.
• Prophase II


  Identical to Prophase in Mitosis.
• Metaphase II


  The sister chromatids align at the center of the cell.
• Anaphase II


  The sister chromatids separate, moving to opposite poles.
• Telophase II


  The nuclear envelope reforms, and the cytoplasm divides.
• Cytokinesis (Meiosis II)


  The cytoplasm divides, and the cell splits into four haploid daughter cells.
• Monosomy


  Having one copy of a chromosome instead of two (e.g., Turner syndrome)
• Tetraploidy


  Having four copies of a chromosome instead of two (rare)
• Trisomy


  Having three copies of a chromosome instead of two (e.g., Down syndrome)
• Aneuploidy


  Having an abnormal number of chromosomes (e.g., Trisomy 21)
• Turner Syndrome


  Monosomy X (45,X)
• Klinefelter Syndrome


  XXY or XXXY
• Triple-X Syndrome


  XXX
• Haploid


  Have one set of chromosomes, typically 23 chromosomes in humans. Found in gametes (sperm and egg cells).
• Diploid


  Have two sets of chromosomes, typically 46 chromosomes in humans (23 pairs). Found in most body cells (somatic cells).