general

• J.J. Thompson discovered Electrons in 1897
• H2O (water) has bent/non-linear molecular shape due to presence of 2 lone pairs of electrons on the central atom
• Negative enthalpy


  Exothermic process / energy is released from the heat
• According to Pauling scale, Fluorine element possesses the highest electronegativity
• SO2 (sulfur dioxide) has an oxidation state of +4
• Gamma radiation


  High-energy electromagnetic waves, possesses the highest penetration capability
• Body-centered cubic (BCC) Structure


  • Each atom has 8 adjacent neighbors within the same plane
  • 1 atom at the center of the cube
  • Coordination number is 12
• Aluminum serves commonly as a sacrificial anode in cathodic protection to prevent corrosion of other metals
• Le Chatelier’s principle


  If pressure is increased in a system at equilibrium, the system shifts towards the side with fewer moles of gas
• Hexokinase catalyzes


  1. The phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate

  2. 1st step in glycolysis

  3. Trapping glucose inside the cell

  4. Initiating its breakdown
• Condensation Polymerization


  Joining of monomers through the elimination of small molecules like water or alcohol
• Water vapor (H2O) is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the earth’s atmosphere
• Chromatography


  Separation Technique used to separate components in a mixture based on their differing affinities between 2 phases
• Haber process


  1. Synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen

  2. Under high pressure and temperature

  3. Using iron catalyst

  4. Primarily employed for the large-scale production of ammonia
• Absorption at the liquid-air interface

  Reduces surface tension by the attraction of the added substance to the liquid molecules, altering the surface properties
• Heisenberg uncertainty principle


  Denotes the fundamental limit in precisely determining both the momentum and position of a particle simultaneously, as articulated in quantum mechanics
• McCabe-Thiele


  Graphical technique used in the design and analysis of distillation processes, particularly for the separation of liquid mixtures based on differences in boiling points