alkenes

• elimination reactions to form alkenes:

  • excess conc. H2SO4/H3PO4 OR Al2O3 catalyst and heat for alcohol as starting compound
  • KOH/NaOH in ethanol and heat for halogenoalkane as starting compound
• reagents for reduction of alkene to alkane:

  • hydrogen gas, Ni catalyst, heat
• electrophilic addition to form mono-substituted halogenoalkane from alkene:

  • HX (), rtp
• Electrophilic addition reaction to form di-substituted halogenoalkane from :

  • X2 in CCl4, absence of UV light (to prevent free radical sub)
• Electrophilic addition that forms halohydrin from :

  • X2 in water
• electrophilic addition of 1 -OH group to form alcohol from (alkene) :

  1. concentrated H2SO4, cold
  2. warm with water
• mild oxidation of alkene:

  • KMnO4 (aq), H2SO4/NaOH (aq), cold
• oxidative cleavage of alkenes:

  • KMnO4 (aq), H2SO4 (aq), heat
• Electrophilic addition of -OH and -X to form halohydrin:

  • X is added first in the slow step and carbocation formed
  • -OH added in fast step, O carries lone pair of electrons, is electron-rich, attacks the carbon carrying positive charge