arenes

• electrophilic substitution to form nitrobenzene from benzene:

  • conc. HNO3, temp <55 degrees, conc. H2SO4 as catalyst
• electrophilic substitution to form halogenoarene from arene:

  • X2 (g), Fe/AlX3 (a Lewis acid catalyst), rtp
• Friedel-Crafts Alkylation:

  • add alkyl group using a halogenoalkane
  • R-X, Al/FeX3 (Lewis acid catalyst), rtp
• Friedel-Crafts Acylation:

  • sub in acyl group using acyl halide
  • acyl halide, Al/FeX3 (Lewis acid catalyst), rtp
• reduction of benzene:

  • H2(g), Ni/Pd/Pt catalyst, heat
• electrophilic substitution to add methyl group to benzene:

  • CH3Cl, anhydrous AlCl3, rtp