Section 1

• Pharmacology


  the science that broadly deals with the physical and chemical properties, actions, absorption, and fate of chemical substances termed drugs that modify biological function.
• Identify the four key physiological processes that govern the time course of drug fate in the body

  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism
  4. Elimination
• It is the study of time course of drug concentrations in the body

  Pharmacokinetics
• T/F. Serum or plasma drug concentrations generally reflect extracellular fluid drug concentrations.

  True
• Interstitial fluid 


  A common compartment through which any drug must transit, either after absorption on route to the blood stream or after delivery by blood to a tissue on route to a cellular target.
• Hydrophilic is polar or non-polar?

  Polar
• It is the primary pathway for drugs to cross lipid membranes.

  Passive diffusion
• The primary mechanism for the chemical to be excreted from the body it should be more ____ and less ____.

  hydrophilic; lipophilic
• T/F. When a lipophilic or non-polar drug is injected into the bloodstream, it will be minimally distributed and rapidly excreted by one of these routes.

  False. Hydrophilic
• Membranes are more permeable to the ____(non-ionized/ionized) than the ___ (non-ionized/ionized) form of weak organic acids and bases.

  non-ionized; ionized
• Why is the ionized form of the drug is prevented from crossing the membranes?

  Low lipid solubility
• To make acidic urine more basic

  Sodium bicarbonate
• To make basic urine more acidic

  Aspirin
• _____(weak bases/weak acids) are readily absorbed from an acid environment and sequestered in an alkaline medium. In contrast, _____(weak bases/weak acids) are absorbed in an alkaline environment and trapped in an acidic environment.

  weak acids; weak bases
• T/F/. For carnivores with acidic urine relative to plasma, weak acids tend to be reabsorbed from the tubules into the plasma while weak bases tend to be preferentially excreted.

  True
• Endocytosis/Pinocytosis


  A process where a compound bind to the surface of the membrane that then invaginates and interiorizes the compound.
• T/F. Lipid soluble drugs are not easily absorbed into the body and well distributed throughout the tissues.

  False. Easily absorbed.
• What converts lipophilic drugs to more easily excreted hydrophilic entities.

  Metabolism
• Absorption


  It is the movement of the drug from the site of administration into the blood.
• Identify the three primary route of drug absorption from environmental exposure in mammals.

  1. Gastrointestinal
  2. Dermal
  3. Respiratory
• Enumerate oral drug delivery systems

  1. Suspension
  2. Solution
  3. Pills
  4. Tablets
  5. Boluses
  6. Capsules
  7. Pellets