Migration to Britain

• When did the Vikings Invade?

  865 AD
• Describe Viking raiding


  The Vikings raided mostly along England's north and eastern shores for 70 years.

  They were searching for treasure (gold, silver, jewels and anything that was valuable) they could take back on thier ships to Scandinavia

  The rich undefended monasteries and abbeys in the north were an easy target such as Lindisfarne which was raided in 793
• What was the Lindisfarne Raid?


  Viking assault in 793 on the holy island of Lindisfarne, which was easy for the Viking boats to raid

  Undefended and full of valuable relics

  Took some monks as slaves and beheaded the others
• Describe the process from raiding to invading for the Vikings


  raided for about 70 years before started invading

  850 a raiding party spends the winter camped on the isle of Thanet Kent.

  854 another raiding party camped on the Isle of Sheppey in the Thames estuary

  865 the raiding stopped and the Vikings started trying to invade England
• Why did Vikings Invade?

  Agriculture: The land in eastern England was rich and fertile. Vikings and their families could settle, farm the land and live well.

  Trade: Many English towns were important trading centres with Europe. Taking over these towns and their trade could make Vikings rich.

  Religion: Odin, the god of war and military victory, was the Vikings' most important god. To fight and to win meant that Odin would reward Viking warriors after death.
• When did the Normans invade England?

  1066 AD
• When did William invite Jewish people to England

  1070 AD
• Why did the Normans invade?

  Economic:

  1) England's sophisticated taxation and coinage system

  2) Feudal System - Gives protection (through armies/knights) and all land belongs to the King

  
  

  Political

  1) William (Duke of Normandy) claimed the late King Edward and Harold Godwinson (current king) promised the throne to him in 1051 and 1064

  2) England currently unstable after Edward died - opportunistic- as the dying king had no children to inherit the throne
• Who is Harold Godwinson?


  Earl of Wessex, most powerful noble in England

  6th June 1066 crowned king of England

  Promised the throne by Edward as shown on The Bayeux Tapestry which was made a few years after the battle of Hastings

  Had the support of the Witan
• Describe the battle of Hastings


  October 1066

  William Duke of Normandy vs Harold Godwinson

  took place on the Senlac Hill

  on Williams way to London he burned farms and villages, destroying crops on the way - terrifying people into surrender

  William crowned king of England in Westminster Abby on Christmas day 1066
• Why did Jewish people migrate?

  Religious:

  1) Antisemitism in Europe

  - From about 70 CE Romans began driving the Jews out of thier traditional homelands in the Middle East

  
  

  Economic:

  1) opportunity to economically prosper in England - invited by King William I in 1070 as the pope forbade Christian's from charging interest on loans so needed Jews to become money lenders to fund his castles and cathedrals to establish Norman control

  2) Became financiers to the king and England's nobility, some were able to make great wealth (as they were able to charge interest as they were not Christian)
• When did Low Countries and Lombardy start to migrate

  1220 AD
• Why did people from the Low Countries migrate?

  Economic:

  1) Black Death - more job opportunities available in England (40%-60% of population gone)

  2) Wages high as there was a lack of workers

  3) Henry VIII in 1330 bans export of English wool (so weavers have to move to England)

  4) Henry VIII allows Low countries weavers to set up their own guilds.

  
  

  Political:

  1) The Hundred Years war - (1337 - 1453) - Low Countries work disrupted

  2) Low Countries weavers Invited by Henry III in 1270 to come and work in England
• Why did bankers from Lombardy migrate?

  Economic:

  1) Growing towns and cities in England provided excellent opportunity for bankers.

  2) They had heard of the success of Jewish moneylenders in England

  3) after 1265 there was opportunity to become even more prosperous as Pope allowed Christians to charge interest and no longer had to pay a usury fine.

  4) heard of the problems with Jewish money lenders and were hoping to take over

  
  

  Political:

  1) Henry III promised royal protection in 1220

  2) this led to rich families from Lombardy arriving in England from 1220s with thier families
• Viking Experience - Harmony


  Trade locally and internationally

  Gave structure - set up 'Things', had fun and told Sagas, lived in Danelaw and adapted quickly, King Cnut allowed some Saxons positions of power

  England prospered - peaceful under Edgar and under the successor Edward the Confessor for a further 24 years

  Danes allowed Saxons to mint coins and circle them in Danelaw

  Many Dane's became Christians - worshipped alongside their gods
• Viking experience - Conflict


  Alfred's son Edward and Athelstan fought campaigns to control Danelaw - A won 937

  Vikings raided to regain old Danelaw - Ethelred tried to pay them to keep them away

  St Brice's Day - 13 Nov 1002 - Ethelred massacred all the Danes in Enlgand's territory

  Viking attacks increased in response - 1013 Ethelred driven out and 1016 Dane Cnut became king
• Normans experience - harmony

  Feudal system - ment that William owned all the land and loaned it to Normans to gain loyalty

  Domesday book 1085 - the first census as it recorded who owned what and how the land was used in order to tax people accordingly
• Normans experience - Conflict


  Castles meant Normans could prevent rebellions and display power

  Feudal system - takes all the land for the Normans

  Danes left 1071

  1068 - Exeter Siege - Normans won

  1069-70 - Harrying of the North - Normans destroyed Saxon livelihood and homes as a warning
• Jewish experience - harmony

  Helped businesses and trades flourish for many years

  Created Jewries - separate areas of towns and cities where Jews lived
• Jewish experience - conflict


  Had to charge high interest- resentment from others

  Church taught against Jews - also blood libel and other false story propaganda

  1265 - Pope allowed Christian bankers to charge usury - less needed

  1230s - Jews expelled from several towns

  1265 - 500 killed in London

  1275 - EI made law banning Jews collecting interest

  1290 - EI ordered all Jews to convert to Christianity or leave - 3000 refused, most converted
• Low Countries/ Lombardy - harmony


  - Settled quickly - were skilled craftsmen which many needed

  - Some worked with English people - teaching new techniques (eg Flemish brick makers)

  - Weavers skilled and well received - lots of profit

  - Merchants given royal protection - paid lower taxes and customs tariffs

  - HIII sent letters to important banking families in Lombardy promising royal protection
• Low Countries/ Lombardy - conflict


  - Craft guilds believed migrants were taking their jobs & selling goods at a lower price - hostility

  - 1381 - during peasants revolt 150 weavers/ merchants murdered

  - People suspicious of of foreigners - worried could be dangerous

  - 1492 - English attacked the Steelyard - burnt buildings and destroyed goods - where Hanseatic league (German merchants were based)
• Viking impact

  - Spoke old Norse - modern English contains many Norse words and grammatical/ word structures similar

  - 'Things' can be argued to be foundation for trials/ democracy - punishments discussed and laws decided by voting

  - Vikings divided area of Danelaw in 3 - gradually changed to North, East, West Riding - administrative areas until 1974

  - Women had equal rights - could own and inherit land, speak at 'Things
• Norman impact


  - William took over chancery and appointed N. chancellors

  - William used Domesday book to help improve Edwards taxation system which he kept

  - William appointed N. sheriffs to pre-existing shires - land owners made decisions in all shire courts - soon would all be Norman

  - Castles, Cathedrals, Monasteries, Abbeys, Churches all built

  - North - villages been destroyed and nothing grew in burnt fields

  - William rep,aced all but 1 of 16 Saxon Bishops with Normans - hierarchy constructed (Archbishop at top)

  - By 1200 - all brick churches stone

  - Old French came together with pre existing language - Norman first names more common (eg Richard, Robert)

  - Forest laws protected W's hunting - severe poaching punishments

  - Mundrum - law enforced fine any hundred fined for murder where suspect not caught
• Jewish Impact


  - Monarch's borrowed their money - did not have to raise taxes/demand money from barons

  - Jews heavily taxed with punishments for not paying - some loans never repaid

  - Lent money to locals for businesses

  - Lent money to merchants for trade overseas, and some became merchants - created wealth

  - Lent money to Cistercian monks - built fountains abbey

  - Colleges built with the money (eg Merton College)

  - students pawned books to J.Pawn brokers to cover expenses

  - worked as tutors fro students studying Hebrew text

  - Ruthlessly expelled - 1290
• Low Countries/ Lombardy Impact


  - Helped transformed economy from primary to secondary

  (Primary - based on raw materials)

  (Secondary - changes raw materials to manufactured goods)

  - Crown grew richer from taxes on imports/ exports of goods

  - England became a key European trading centre (clothe)

  - Lombardy banker's financial skills - began to turn London into an international financial market
• Case study - York - Why?


  - Largest town in Britain - only mint in Northern English

  - Extremely wealthy - captured York 866

  - Roads/rivers made it easy to travel fast

  - Important trading city

  - Lots of rich, fertile soil for farming because of rivers
• Case study - York - Migrants


  - 10,000-15,000 Vikings migrated 866-950

  - Many cultures - Vikings mixed with migrants and merchants from Germany, modern day Holland, Ireland and Scotland

  - Built small homes and workshops, thatch and whittle, later timber
• Case study - York - Trade


  - Street names show variety of trade

  - Skilled craftwork - helped increase English trade paper across the world

  - Began to use coins with king's name

  - Was a rich trading point - traders travelled as far as Caspian Sea, traded for imports of wines, silks, oils/perfume etc

  - Had excellent road connections to rest of E.

  -Timber, wool, iron ore, food etc brought to cities on roads
• Case study - York - Church


  - Important land owner in York, but financially poor - lost land to the Vikings

  - Active in settlement, many Vs converted to Christianity

  - Archbishops involved in negations with other kingdoms, may even have helped choose Viking Kings

  - Most coins after 900 had Chr. symbols, however pagan symbols were shown and Latin spelling errors
• Case Study - York - End of Viking/ Dane control


  - 927 - Athelstan conquered large parts of York and A.Saxons ruled until 939 - no sign of changes

  - 939 - Athelstan's death - Northumbrian's wanted a 'Northern leader' - agreement to set border between Land owned by Vs and A.Saxons

  - Wars continued for next 15 years - last of V York driven out by A.Saxons - however still had Danish influence
• 1500-1700 - Changes in gov


  - Parliament had more power

  - Charles I executed in 1649 - O.Cromwell ruled republic England for 11 years

  - 1660 - Charles II invited by gov to rule - limited power

  
  

  - Religion changes with gov, migrants allowed/ not depending on religion and gov.
• 1500-1700 - Changes in religion and impacts

  - 1500 - Catholic

  - 1534 - Henry 8th splits - Church of England

  - Edward VI 47-53 - Protestant

  - Mary Tudor 53-58 - Roman Catholic

  - Elizabeth I - Protestant

  
  

  - Migration to avoid persecution

  - England place of safety when Protestant
• 1500-1700 - Changes in economy


  - Trading link with rest of the world

  - E I (1600) - East India Trading Company - links with India

  - C II (1600) - Company of Royal Adventurers trading to Africa - gold, silver, slaves
• 1500-1700 - Economic Causes - Huguenots


  - Skilled workers - create wealth for William III to wage war with France

  - 1700 - Relief committee raises £64,713 to help resettlement - WIII and wife donated over half
• 1500-1700 - Economic Causes - Palatines

  - 1709 - Poor farmers experience bad harvest

  - Londoners raised £20000 for refugees and MPs donated to charity by Queen Anne
• 1500-1700 - Economic Causes - Jewish people


  - Englands economy was weak after the civil war - Jewish skilled workers wanted by Cromwell
• 1500-1700 - Economic Causes - African people


  - 1440s - Portuguese merchants brought back slaves to Europe - Escaped/worked to freedom and migrated

  - Great chain of being (English society) - Society dictated by wealth not skin colour
• 1500-1700 - Economic Causes - Indian people

  - 1600 - EI sets up East India Company

  - 1608 - first EIC ships leaves for India

  - 1613-1690 - trading posts/factories in Surat, Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkata

  - Arrive in England as Nannies, servants, and sailors on EIC boats - employed by the officers
• 1500-1700 - Economic Causes - Dutch workers


  - 1630 - CI invites Dutch drainage and embankment engineer to drain fens in EA - brought Dutch workers