clauses

• temporal cum clause

  cum means when; specific circumstances; indicative
• circumstantial cum clauses

  cum means when; indicative (if pres or fut); subjunctive (if past)
• causal cum clauses

  cum means since or because; dependent use of the subjunctive
• concessive cum clause

  cum means although; concession to main clause; dependent use of the subjunctive
• relative clauses

  relative pronouns take the place of a noun and have an antecedent in main clause
• connective relative

  when relative at the beginning of a sentence refers to something in the previous sentence
• noun clauses

  clause introduced by ut; functions as the subject or direct object of a verb; verbs in subjunctive according to sequence of tenses
• indirect commands (jussive noun clauses)

  ut (negative ne) and subjunctive; introduced by verbs or advising, urging, or commanding (sometimes wishing or desiring)
• result clauses

  present the results of the action of the main clauses; answers "what was the outcome of this action?"; begin with ut; verbs in subjunctive; main clause usually indicates a degree; negative non, nihil, nemo, numquam, or nullus; signal words include ita, tam, sic, adeo, tanta
• purpose clauses

  purpose or objective of main clause; subjunctive clause introduced by ut or quo, or negative ne;
• relative of purpose and result

  a relative clause with a subjunctive can also be used to indicate purpose or result
• relative clause of characteristic

  describing the particular character or kind that an antecedent belongs to puts its verb into the subjunctive; typically follows demonstratives, indefinite pronouns, interrogatives, or negatives
• fear clauses

  verbs of fearing or apprehension can take a direct object or a noun clause introduced by ne (that) or ut (that not) + subj
• clauses of proviso

  states a provision under which the main clause can occur; introduced by dummodo or dum with subj or tantum ut with subj, translated as "provided that"; negative ne; w indicative, dummodo means "until"
• expressions of doubt with quin or num/an

  negative expression of doubt is followed by a clause introduced by quin with the verb in the subjunctive; positive expression of doubt is followed by an indirect question with num or an
• clauses of hindering and preventing

  sequence of tenses; about stopping someone from doing something and almost always negative; negative ne, quin, quominus; translate subj with an English gerund; uses verb or hindering or preventing
• gerunds and gerundives in purpose clauses

  puspose can be expressed with the supine + verb of motion; or gerundive or gerund phrase with ad or ob (in order to) or postpositive causa or gratis; gerund vs gerundive doesn't change meaning
• result clause signal words

  ita, tam, sic, adeo, tanta