Participles

• Participles can be used as modifiers.
• Present Participles

  Formed by adding -ing to the infinitive of a verb while dropping the particle word to.
• A present or perfect participle standing after the noun is in a sense an elliptical relative clause.

  e.g., The boys running were scared = The boys who were running were scared.
• Present participles can introduce a phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun.

  e.g., Sitting alone in the dark, she suddently had a feeling of dread.
• Present participles can modify a noun in the predicate.

  e.g., This is a developing story.
• Present participles standing in a predicate are replacements for relative clauses.

  e.g., That was a frightening experience = experience that was frightening.
• There is/are phrase

  The modifying present participle stands after the noun.

  e.g., There is a storm brewing = There is a storm that is brewing.
• Past participles

  Can be used as adjectives and are in the same verbal form as the perfect tenses.
• Past participles can modify a noun by standing before or after it.
• Past participles can also introduce a phrase modifying a noun or pronoun in a sentence.

  e.g., Shaken by the clap of thunder, they left the tent and went in the house.
• Past participles can be used as predicate adjectives after linking verbs.

  e.g., Their vacation plains were ruined
• Past participles in the predicate are replacements for relative clauses.

  
  

  e.g., The athelete has a well-developed body == body that was well developed.
• There is/are

  The modifying past participle stands after the noun.

  e.g., There was a messgae stuffed in his pocket.
• Adverbs can modify past and present participles.
• Only adverbs that can modify a verb can modify a participle.
• Participle

  A verb form used as an adjective, to form progressive tense or the passive voice.
• Since adverbs can be prepositional phrases, they can modify present and past participles used as modifiers.