Measurement

• Lab safety is very important because many chemicals are toxic, corrosive, flammable, explosive, carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, etc. The following rules will minimize hazards associated with chemical reactions.
• When measuring liquids, a graduated cylinder is preferred over a burette because it measures larger volumes than a burette.
• Glassware used in all chemistry courses:

  1. Graduated Cylinders
  2. Wash bottle
  3. Side arm
  4. Erlenmeyer flask
  5. Beaker
  6. Funnels
  7. Test tubes
  8. Watch Glass
• Hydrogen (H)


  Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Symbol: H. Atomic number: 1.
• Helium (He)


  Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. Used in balloons and space exploration. Symbol: He. Atomic number: 2.
• Oxygen (O)


  Essential for human life. Makes up 21% of the Earth's atmosphere. Symbol: O. Atomic number: 8.
• Nitrogen (N)


  Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. Makes up 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. Symbol: N. Atomic number: 7.
• Carbon (C)


  Found in all living organisms. Important in biological molecules such as DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates. Symbol: C. Atomic number: 6.
• Neon (Ne)


  Colorful gas used in neon signs and lights. Symbol: Ne. Atomic number: 10.
• Iron (Fe)


  Essential for human life. Helps transport oxygen in the blood. Symbol: Fe. Atomic number: 26.
• Glassware commonly used for conducting reactions and purifications:

  1. Cork Ring
  2. Fractionating column
  3. West condenser
  4. Separatory funnel
  5. Stopper
  6. Round bottom flask
  7. Three way adpater (distilling head)
  8. Claisen adapter
  9. Vacuum arapter
  10. Thermometer adapter
  11. Plastic clip (keck clip)
  12. Rubber fitting for thermometer adapter
• Tools used in all chemistry courses:

  1. Crucible tongs
  2. Test tube holder
  3. Striker
  4. Forceps
  5. Spatulas
  6. Scoopula
  7. Glass stirring rod
  8. Pasteur pipette
  9. Dropper bulb
• Various equipment in the organic chemistry laboratory:

  1. Evaporating dish
  2. TLC chamber
  3. Buchner funnel
  4. Hirsch Funnel
  5. Rubber sleeves for funnels (filter adapter)
  6. Clay file
  7. Vials for storage
  8. Stir bars and spin vane
  9. Drying tube
• Clamps for securing apparatuses:

  1. Extension clamps (with and without vinyl sleeves)
  2. Three-fingered clamps (vinyl and fire-resistant sleeves)
  3. Ring clamp (iron rings)
  4. Wire mesh
• Burners and Tubing :

  1. Thick-walled vacuum tubing
  2. Bunsen Burner
  3. Wood blocks
  4. Rubber tubing
• Glassware used in microscale work:

  1. Drying tube
  2. Hickman head
  3. Water condenser
  4. Air condenser
  5. Conical vial
  6. Claisen adapter
  7. Spin vane
• A quantitative observation is called a measurement, which always has two parts: a number and a scale (called a unit). Both parts must be present for a measurement to be meaningful.
• A quantitative observation - It is the process of getting the actual measure of an object’s dimension or property in comparison with the standard unit of acquiring the value.
• A qualitative observation does not involve a number.
• The two major systems are the English system used in the United States and the metric system used by most of the rest of the industrialized world.
• Most scientists in all countries have used the metric system for many years.
• In 1960, an international agreement set up a system of units called the International System (le Système International in French), or the SI system.
• International System (le Système International in French), or the SI system. This system is based on the metric system and units derived from the metric system. The fundamental SI units are listed in the
• Phyical Quantity Name of unit Abbreviation

  Mass Kilogram kg

  Length Meter m

  Time Seconds s

  Temperature Kelvin K

  Electric current Ampere A

  Amount of Substance Mole mol

  Luminous Intensity Candela cd
• Laboratory Safety Policies, safety data sheet and Waste Management
• Laboratory Safety Rules and Guidelines

  • Follow proper laboratory safety protocol
  • Proper waste disposal procedures
  • Integrate current good laboratory practices
• Proper laboratory dress code

  1. Wear laboratory gown

  2. Wear protective goggles

  3. Keep working areas organized

  4. Keep chemical reagents in assigned areas

  5. Check names on chemical bottles

  6. Avoid contaminating reagents

  7. Dispose waste properly

  8. Avoid direct contact with chemicals

  9. Handle glassware with precautions

  10. Learn location of safety equipment

  11. Be aware of MSDS

  12. Never work alone

  13. Report accidents

  14. Do not perform unauthorized experiments

  15. Do not enter without instructor
• Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)


  A document that provides procedures for safely handling or working with a substance
• Proper waste disposal categories

  • General Organic Waste
  • Halogenated Hydrocarbons
  • Chromic Acid Solutions
  • Lead
  • Silver
  • Other Heavy Metals
  • Waste from specific experiments
  • Acids
  • Bases
  • Broken thermometers
  • Broken glass
• Measurements can be qualitative or quantitative
• Quantitative observation


  A measurement that has a number and a scale
• Qualitative observation


  An observation that does not involve a number
• The two major systems of measurement are the English system and the metric system
• The International System (SI system) is based on the metric system
• Fundamental SI Units

  • Mass (kilogram, kg)
  • Length (meter, m)
  • Time (second, s)
  • Temperature (kelvin, K)
  • Electric Current (ampere, A)
  • Amount of Substance (mole, mol)
  • Luminous Intensity (candela, Cd)
• SI unit prefixes

  • kilo
  • hecto
  • deca
  • deci
  • centi
  • milli
  • micro
  • nano
  • pico
• Major systems of measurement

  • English system
  • Metric system
• Most scientists in all countries have used the metric system for many years
• An international agreement set up a system of units called the International System (SI system)


  1960
• SI system

  A system based on the metric system and units derived from the metric system