11.1 - 11.3

• Health


  A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
• Disease impairs normal physical functions
• Anything that can harmfully change your body or mind
• Abiotic environmental factors


  • Mineral nutrient deficiency
  • Drought
  • Lack of oxygen
  • Excessive temperature
  • Pollution
• Biotic factors


  • Factors within the individual organism
  • Factors caused by another organism
• The absence of disease does NOT necessarily indicate good health
• A general lack of fitness, energy and mental alertness may indicate that a person is “unhealthy”
• A healthy person


  One who functions well physically, mentally and socially
• Characteristics of health are often difficult to measure and will vary greatly between individuals and cultures
• Types of Diseases


  • Mental diseases
  • Physical diseases
• Physical diseases


  Broadly grouped as either infectious or non-infectious diseases
• Infectious diseases


  Caused by pathogens and can be transmitted from one person to another
• Non-infectious diseases


  Do not involve pathogens and cannot be transmitted between people
• Many non-infectious diseases are called Disorders
• Causes of Non-Infectious Diseases

  • Structural malfunctioning
  • Metabolic malfunctioning
  • Lifestyle-related
  • Inherited
• Structural malfunctioning examples


  Hardening of the arteries (Atherosclerosis)<|>Weakening of bone structure (Osteoporosis)
• Metabolic malfunctioning examples


  Uncontrolled cell production (Tumours and Cancer)<|>Non-production of Insulin (Diabetes)
• Many non-infectious diseases are chronic and last a long time
• Infectious Diseases


  A disease that is caused by a pathogen
• Infectious disease examples


  • A virus will cause the flu
  • A bacterium can cause strep throat
• Communicable diseases


  Infectious diseases that can pass from person to person
• Communicable disease example


  • The flu can be passed if someone sneezes on you
• Non-communicable disease example


  • Malaria is non-communicable because a mosquito carries the disease
• Pathogens


  Disease-causing organisms, also known as parasites
• Types of pathogens


  • Micro-organisms
  • Macro-parasites
• Micro-organisms


  Organisms that are not visible to the naked eye (Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi)
• Macro-parasites


  Organisms that are visible to the naked eye (Worms)
• While pathogens are the primary cause of infectious diseases, infection may be enhanced by other factors
• Factors enhancing infection


  • Environment
  • Genetics
  • Other physiological problems
• Transmission methods


  • Direct transmission
  • Indirect transmission
• Direct transmission


  Person to person contact (e.g., sexual intercourse, mixing of bodily fluids)
• Indirect transmission


  By air, water, food and vectors
• A vector is an organism that is not affected by the illness it is carrying to another organism
• Spread of Disease & Transmission cases

  • Patient “Zero”
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
• Patient “Zero”


  The first case identified
• Primary case


  The case that brings the infection into a population
• Secondary case


  Infected by a primary case
• Tertiary case


  Infected by a secondary case
• Endoparasite Features


  Attatchement Devices such as hooks and suckers

  Thickened Outer Cuticle

  Reduction of Feeding Organs and movement

  Hermaphroditism

  An excess of fertilised eggs