Break from Rome

• How was the annulment a cause for the break from Rome?

  SK1 = 1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals: prevented people (i.e. Catherine) from appealing against a decision made in England to Rome

  SK2 = 1534 Act of Succession removed Catherine’s claim as Henry’s wife

  CSK = Catherine of Aragon was the aunt of Charles V which would have made getting a divorce from her undesirable
• How was anti-clericalism a cause for the break with Rome?

  SK1 = Pluralism was rife e.g. Thomas Magnus held positions in Yorkshire, York, Windsor, Lincoln, and Kendal

  SK2 = Act in Conditional/Absolute Restraint of Annates 1532/34: stopped payments of clerical taxes to Rome

  CSK = Archbishop Warham visited 260 parishes in Kent in 1511-12 and only found 4 priests to be corrupt
• How was financial gain a motive for dissolving the monastries?

  SK1 = Henry took £1.3 million in wealth from the monasteries - Cromwell promised to make him the ‘richest prince in Christendom’

  SK2 = Cromwell implemented Valor Ecclesiasticus in 1535 which was a census that assessed the wealth of churches - revealed religious houses had an income more than triple the royal estates

  CSK = Only really benefited from the later monasteries in 1539 - chronology implies this was not the main aim
• How was power a motive for dissolving the monastries?

  SK1 = Monasteries had an allegiance to the main house of their order which was usually outside England - challenged idea in Act of Restraint of Appeals that England was supreme - challenged his authority

  SK2 = Monks and nuns devoted much time to praying for the souls of the dead challenged the protestant views henry was trying to enforce in his reformation thus their existence undermined his authority

  CSK = Henry refounded 2 in the 1540s to pray for him and his family
• How was corruption a motive for dissolving the monastries?

  SK1 = Moral standards had slipped - in Rivaulx Abbey in Yorkshire the abbot had his own private quarters and every monk had their own servant

  SK2 = At Hailes Abbey in Gloucestershire they claimed to have a vial of the blood of Christ which was in actuality a vial of honey coloured with Saffron

  CSK = Records from visitations in the 1520s show that most houses were very disciplined - suggests these were just two isolated incidents