envi finals

Created by

jear

Cards (100)

Mass balance 
known as "material balance" Is a principle based on the law of conversion of mass.

Type of System
1. Open System
2. Closed System
3. Steady-State System
4. Unsteady-State System
Open System 
allows the transfer of both mass and energy between the system and its surrounding
Closed System 
where there is no transfer of mass across its boundaries, although in the form of heat or work
Steady-State System 
The properties such as mass, energy, and concentration do not change over time
Unsteady-State System 
Characterized by properties that change over time
Energy Balance 
Calculation that tracks the energy entering, leaving and being stored in a system

Basic Principles of Energy Balance
1. Law of Conservation
2. Energy Forms
3. Energy-Balance Equation
Law of Conservation of Energy 
energy cannot created or destroyed, only transformed from one to another
Energy Forms 
Kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical and more
Energy Balance Equation 
Energy In-Energy Out = Change in Stored Energy
Type of Energy Balance
1. Steady-State Energy Balance The energy entering the system equals the energy leaving the system, so there's
no change in the energy stored

2. Transient Energy Balance The energy stored in the system changes over time
Application of Energy Balance 
Engineering , Environmental Science, Industrial Processes
Engineering 
used to design and analyze engines, power plants, HVAC system, etc.
Environmental Science 
Helps in modeling energy flows in ecosystems and understanding environmental processes
Industrial Processes 
Optimizes operation in chemical reactors, distillation columns and other industrial equipment
Renewable Energy Resources 
are a natural of energy that are replenished continuously or relatively quickly
Example of Renewable Energy Sources
- Solar : Derived from the sun's radiation
- Wind : Is generated be harnessing the kinetic energy of moving air using wind turbines
- Hydro power(Water) uses the energy of moving water (kinetic energy) to generate electricity
- Biomass Energy : derived from organic materials such as wood, crop residues, animal manure and dedicated energy corps
- Geothermal Energy : derived from heat beneath the earth's surface
Nonrenewable Energy Resources 
Are natural of energy that are finite and cannot be replenished on a human timescale
Example of Nonrenewable Energy Sources 
- Coal: Combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock composed mostly of carbon and hydrocarbons
- Nuclear : Produced through nuclear fission reaction, where the nucleus of an atom (uranium - 225 or plutonium-239)
- Oil Fossil fuel: formed from organic matter buried and heated under high pressure
- Natural Gas: Fossil fuel primarily composed of methane and is found alongside oil deposit or in underground shale formations
Earth Energy Balance 
Refers to the balance between the amount of incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation
Scattering 
Solar radiation occurs when the radiation strikes very small objects in Earth's atmosphere
Reflection 
Solar radiation occurs when the radiation is sent directly backwards from a surface
Absorption 
Different from scattering and reflection, because absorption involves more than a change in the direction of the radiation
Greenhouse effects 
process through which heat is trapped near Earth's surface

Type of Greenhouse Gases
- Carbon Dioxide
- Methane
- Nitrous Oxide
- Industrial Gases:
> Hydroflourocarbons
> perflourocarbons
> sulfur hexafluoride
> nitrogen trifluoride
Water Vapor 
Most abundant greenhouse gas
Risk 
The probability that an individual could be injured or experienced negative health effects if exposed to hazard
Hazard 
Defined as possible cause of injury or negative health effects of an individual or group of people
Environmental Risk 
Unwanted incidents due to inadequacies in waste management transportation, treatment and disposal
Global Impact 
Occurs when greenhouse gases or radioactive substances are released into the atmosphere
Local Impact 
Characterized by the contamination of the surrounding geological environment and water's due to gas, radioactive substances and leachate
Risk Management 
Engineering looks beyond immediate needs to analyze and adjust
Engineering 
helped communities reduce the harmful impact or adverse events
Hazardous Waste Management 
Focus on identifying, treating and safely disposing of hazardous waste, essential in preventing toxic substances
Pollution Control Technologies 
Environmental Engineering create and implement advance pollution controls system
Drainage System Management 
Effective management of drainage systems is essential to prevent contamination and flooding, especially in urban settings
Environmental Impact Assessment 
Helps determine the potential environmental impacts of proposed projects and develop plans to mitigate those impacts
Water and Wastewater Management
Ensures a sustainable and safe water supply, which is critical for maintaining ecological balance and public health

Factors Affecting the Risk Perception
> Catastrophic vs Chronic Risk
> Uncertainty and Unfamiliarity
> Perceived Control and Benefits
> Natural vs. Human-made Risk
> Awareness and Salience
> Factors Affecting the Risk Perception
Catastrophic vs Chronic risks 
Risk that can lead to sudden, violent and large scale loos of life, suck as plane crash
Uncertainty and Unfamiliarity 
Risk that are harder to understand or a new and tend to be perceived as more threatening
Perceived Control And Benefits
Risk over which individuals feel they they have more control, such as driving a car
Natural vs. Human made Risk
Risk stemming from natural sources are generally perceived as less threatening than those caused by human activities or technological process