LESSON 13: Motivation and Behavior Change

• health educator - knowledgeable of the subject matter and the teaching/learning process

  • must know the theories that can improve the likelihood of effectiveness
• Factors that Influence Learning

  1. ability
  2. motivation
  3. desire to learn
• Learner Characteristics

  1. Culture
  2. Literacy
  3. Age
  4. Emotional Status
  5. Health Status
  6. Socioeconomic status
• culture - invisible patterns that form the normal ways of acting, feeling, judging, perceiving, and organizing the world
• Promoting Cultural Knowledge

  1. Fact-centered
  2. Attitude-centered
  3. Ethnographic
• fact-centered approach - provides information about the health beliefs and behaviors of specific ethnic groups

  • advantage: starting place for interactions with one individual
• attitude-centered approach - emphasizes the importance of valuing and respecting all cultures

  • advantage: acknowledgement of culture and fostering of positive attitude
• ethnographic approach - offers a practical strategy of learning how to ask

  • focus: on inquiry, reflection and analysis as a means of getting to know an individual
• Aspects of Cultural Competence

  1. Cultural Awareness
  2. Cultural Knowledge
  3. Cultural Encounters
  4. Cultural Skill
  5. Cultural Desire
• cultural awareness - becoming respectful and appreciative of another's culture
• cultural knowledge - obtaining factual knowledge about different cultures
• cultural encounters - engaging with cross-cultural encounters with people from other cultures
• cultural skills - collecting relevant cultural data about a client's health history and accurately performing culturally specific physical assessment
• cultural desire - wanting to engage in learning cultural competence
• ethnocentrism - behavior in which a person is totally unaware of others' cultural beliefs and values

  • assumes that his/her values, beliefs, and practices are the only correct perceptions
• ethnorelativism - reflects an attitude of health care professionals who value, respect, and integrate cultural differences into their practice
• Characteristics of Effective Teachers Related to Working with Multicultural Students

  1. become self-aware of your own cultural values, norms, and beliefs
  2. respect for the broad range of cultural differences
  3. develop a strategy for continuing education about predominant cultures
  4. integrating appropriate use of teaching strategies and communications
  5. consider the use of other professionals and members of the cultures
• literacy (old) - client's ability to read and understand what is being read
• literacy (new) - includes reading level, basic computation and problem solving, and the ability to recognize the need for information and to locate needed information
• information literacy - ability to identify the need for information
• computer literacy - basis for information literacy, because a healthcare practitioner must be able to use the computer in order to access the information
• Learning Principles

  1. use several senses
  2. actively involve the patients or clients in the learning process
  3. provide an environment conducive to learning
  4. assess the extent to which the learner is ready to learn
  5. determine the perceived relevance of the information
  6. repeat information
  7. generalize information
  8. make learning a pleasant experience
  9. begin with what is known; move toward to what is unknown
  10. present information at an appropriate term
• motivation - one's direction to behavior; reason for people's actions
• Motivation and Behavior Change Theories - a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables in order to explain and predict the events of the situation (Glanz, Lewis, and Rimer)
• Motivation and Behavior Change Theories - a set of ideas that help to explain the relationship among factors or predict the outcome of their interrelation
• Motivation and Behavior Change Theories

  1. Health Belief Model
  2. Transtheoretical Model/Change Theory
  3. Theory of Reasoned Action
  4. Social Cognitive Theory
  5. Self-Efficacy Theory
  6. Attribution Theory
  7. Behavior Modification Theory
• Health Belief Model - explains behavior or predicts whether behavior change will occur based on a set of beliefs or perceptions
• Factors to Consider in the Health Belief Model

  1. Seriousness - severity of the illness
  2. Susceptibility - risk or threat of the illness
  3. Benefits - advantages of the new behavior
  4. Barriers - factors that prevent the adoption of a new behavior
• Thranstheoretical Model/Change Theory - useful when targeted behavior change is the discontinuation of an unhealth behavior
• 6 Stages of Change Theory

  1. Precontemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance
  6. Termination
• precontemplation - before they even begin to think about the change
• contemplation - when they weigh the pros and cons of changing the behavior
• preparation - when they decide on how they will undertake the change, what they will do
• action - when they start the change, they put the plan into motion
• maintenance - keeping new behavior and resisting the old
• termination - when the behavior becomes a habit; requires no further intervention
• Theory of Reasoned Action - based on a person's intention to engage in a behavior; intention to change behavior is the result of:

  1. person's attitude toward the behavior
  2. subjective norms
  3. behavioral control
• Social Cognitive Theory - behavior is the result of an interaction among the person, the environment, and the behavior itself

  • based on reciprocal determinism
  • uses self-efficacy, modeling, reinforcement, and locus of control
• Self-Efficacy Theory - based on the idea that people will only do what they think they can do
• 4 Variables that Determine the Strength of a Person's Belief in Ability

  1. performance accomplishments
  2. vicarious experience
  3. verbal persuasion
  4. physiological state