DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF RUMINANT AND NON RUMINANT

• Rumination the regurgitation, rechewing and reswallowing of ingested food.
• Cud mass of regurgitated mass of regurgitated ingesta; bolus
• ▪ Rumen (paunch)

  ▪ Reticulum ( honeycomb)

  ▪ Omasum (book or manyplies)

  ▪ Abomasum (true stomach)
• RUMEN FUNCTIONS

  • fermentation

  • Synthesizes some vitamins (K and B complex); AA and

  protein Breaks down fibrous feeds into VFAs ( Acetic Acid,

  Butyric acid and Propionic Acid)

  • ph ranges: 6.5 - 6.8
• VOLATILE FATTY ACID

  ▪ Acetic acid (Acetate) Most

  comes from cellulose

  Important to milk fat in dairy

  cows

  ▪ Propionic Acid (Propionate)

  Most comes from starch

  ▪ Butyric Acid (Butyrate)

  Derived from Acetic acid
• RETICULUM

  Located next to the heart

  Known as Honeycomb

  also known as “ hardware “ stomach

  No enzyme secreted
• The reticulum also traps and collects heavy/dense objects the animal consumes.

  ▪

  During normal digestive tract contractions, this object can penetrate the reticulum wall and make its way to the heart, where it can lead to hardware

  disease.

  ▪ The reticulum is sometimes

  referred to as the “hardware

  stomach.”
• OMASUM Spherical and connected to the

  reticulum by a short tunnel

  ▪

  “manyplies” or the “butcher’s

  bible” in reference to the many

  folds or leaves that resemble

  pages of a book

  ▪ These folds increase the

  surface area, which increases

  the area that absorbs nutrients

  from feed and water.
• ABOMASUM

  ▪ “ true stomach ” of a ruminant

  ▪ Glandular stomach like

  monogastric fundic region ( HCL, Mucin, pepsinogen, Rennin, Lipase)

  ▪ pH in the abomasum generally ranges from 3.5 to 4.0

  ▪ Chief cells in the abomasum

  secrete mucous to protect the abomasal wall from acid

  damage
• SMALL INTESTINE

  tube up to 150 feet long with

  a 20-gallon capacity in a

  mature cow
• SMALL INTESTINE the pH ranges 2.5 to between 7 and 8 Bile from the gall bladder is

  secreted into the first

  section of the small

  intestine, the duodenum, to

  aid in digestion.

  ▪ “finger-like” projections

  called villi increase intestinal

  surface area to aid in

  nutrient absorption
• LARGE INTESTINE

  ▪ The colon is the site of

  most of the water

  absorption in the large

  intestine.

  ▪ Cecum serves little

  function in a ruminant, it is a pouch at the beginning of the LI, approximately 3 feet long with a 2 gallon capacity
• RUMINANT DIGESTIVE DEVELOPMENT

  ▪ In a calf at birth, the abomasum is the largest compartment of the stomach.

  ▪ Immature ruminants, such as young, growing calves from birth to about 2 to

  3 months of age, are functionally nonruminants.
• RUMINANT DIFFERENCES

  Eructation (belching)

  CO2 and methane

  Produced by microbial population in rumen

  Rumen contracts and forces gas out

  Bloat can result if ruminant doesn’t belch
• IMPORTANCE OF RUMINANT LIVESTOCK

  ▪ Ruminants use resources (such as high-fiber forage)

  that cannot be used by or are not available to other

  animals

  ▪ Able to use such resources that are not in demand

  by humans but in turn provide man with a vital food

  source

  ▪ Convert vast renewable resources from pasture into

  other products for human use such as hides,

  fertilizer, and other inedible products (such as horns

  and bone).
• The solid portion left behind in rumen for typically remains for up to 48 hours
• SALIVA

  Buffers pH levels in the reticulum and rumen

  two enzymes: salivary amylase and salivary lipase

  mature cow can produce up to 50 quarts of saliva per day
• Ruminant stomach accupies almost 75 percent of the abdominal cavity.

  the four compartment is as follows:

  rumen and reticulum: 84 percent and holds 40 gallons and 5 gallons

  omasum: 12 percent and holds 15 gallons

  abomasum: 4 percent and holds 7 gallons
• Gases produce in rumen: carbon dioxide , methane , hydrogen sulfide
• ABOMASUM - largest compartment in immature ruminant, occupies 50 percent of the total stomach
• digestive pathway of a non ruminant

  feeds > mouth > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > duodenum > cecum > colon > rectum
• ACCESSORY PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

  • pancreas

  • gall bladder

  • liver
• digestivd pathway of avians

  beak > gullet > crop > proventiculus > gizzard > small intestine > ceca > large intestine > cloaca
• How many hours a cattle graze per day?

  8 - 10 hrs
• Stomach and its compartments: RROA
• How many prehensile bites to harvest forage while grazing each day?

  20,000 to 40,000 prehensile bites per day
• Anatomy of the ruminant digestive system includes: mouth, tounge, salivary glands (salivary amylase and lipase), esophagus, four-compartment stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum) pancreas, gall bladder, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon and rectum).
• The rumen is the largest chamber of the ruminant stomach.
• Rumen microbes include protozoa, bacteria, and fungi.
• Pancreas contains: Pancreatic Lipase
• Gall Bladder contains: Bile Salts
• Liver produces / secret bile